Ethereum Rollups (Starknet) end new narrative DA to start

summary

Everything is modular, Ethereum self -modularized, Bitcoin is modularized
The narrative is suspended after ROLLUP issuance, and the narrative economics migrates to the DA layer/chain
Orthodox and generality become a banner, in fact, handling fees and coins are the key

With the starknet airdrop as the sign, the competition of Rollup Ethereum ended. Next, it’s time to talk about DA. In my opinion, the term of data availability (DA, DATA AvaiLebility) is an incomplete expression. Lack of obvious predicate, justDescribe the importance of transaction data to the execution layer. Secondly, the DA mechanism involves the basic operating principle of the blockchain. I use Bitcoin as an example in the rune article as an example.

From the inscription to the rune, the paradigm development of the asset issuance standard on the Bitcoin

Ethereum is weak in narrative, DA takes over midway

Modularization is the premise of DA. Ethereum horizontal modularization is sharding, vertical modularization is layered. Rollup is responsible for trading. The main network is responsible for DA and consensus.End, afterwards, they are repaired.

The upgrade plan of the main network has become a day -to -day and more admitted year, and the overall market confidence has been limited. In this context, the narrative rhythm cannot be expanded from the top Rollup and the bottom main network.It becomes the best choice.

Let’s supplement the expression of the complete DA, data usability, and the narrow sense of light nodes, such as wallets, etc., how to efficiently verify the entire node data, there are two prerequisites here.

Prerequisite 1: Light nodes do not download or cannot download complete full node data, especially when the user experience is given priority;
Prerequisite 2: Full node data may have the possibility of fraud and no access mechanism. There may be malicious nodes in POS or POW.

This is not a problem on the single chain such as Bitcoin, because the blockhead has been preserved with rich verified information, and the POW mechanism also guarantees that 51% of the computing power attack has only theoretical possibilities, but the module chain chain is changed to the modular chain.In the end, the problem will become complicated. Trading execution, settlement, consensus, and DA are not on different layers, and may not even be on a blockchain.

It should be noted here that according to Vitalik, data availability ≠ Data retrieval ≠ Data storage, instead is published by the same as the data without tampering. As for the storage and retrieval after the release, it will not become the focus of the DA level.The difference between the two is:

Data Release: Under the premise of the light nodes on Ethereum, it can directly prove the effectiveness of the transaction.
Data recovery: For Ethereum, use Ethereum to do DA does not need to worry about safety, so the word release can be covered, but Celestia will prove that the data here is equivalent to the Ethereum, so there will be existenceSearch or restore mechanism.

From the perspective of Vitalik, the data is published on the Ethereum main network, and the entire process has been completed. The later storage and search do not need to worry too much. This is actually very reasonable. As the existence of Bitcoin, the security of Ethereum does not needTechnical noun to prove.

but!There are exceptions to everything. If the transaction data and consensus data are not completely circulated in the Ethereum system, the data release and retrieval and even recovery need to consider carefully. This is also the key point for Celestia and Near Da to prove their own.

DA narrow theory: everything can be modularized

Modification is the direct push of the rise of DA narrative.Ethereum is the active choice to transform itself into a modular chain. It is currently in a mixed architecture state in the transition stage. Bitcoin can be used as a modular layer. Early Omnilayer practice.This means.

The modular concept here belongs to my custom. The functional outsourcing or outsourcing of the single chain is considered a modular type, which is not the same as the Ethereum discourse system.

Or understand this, there are also problems with light nodes, some nodes, and users verify the entire node in the past, but it is not a large -scale market demand. Only on the modular chain, the state synchronization and data storage caused by the separation of each layer, data storage, and data storage, and data storage, and data storage.Published and recovered into a big problem. After all, no one wants to see the second rollback after seeing The DAO.

First of all, to understand the modularization. The earliest practice should be the lightning network. The modularization similar to DEPIN is another evidence of “practice precedes theory”. Some functions or modules of the blockchain can be understood by the lightning network as a delay settlement settlement.The bookkeeping system.

For example, the earliest USDT was issued on the Omnilayer of Bitcoin, and it was eventually published on Bitcoin, which also shows that the blockchain of the UTXO model can also be modular.

The blockchain of the account model, such as Ethereum, is easier, the same idea of Near DA and Celestia. Since everything can be decoupled, Ethereum main network does not have the extreme sacredness of Bitcoin, so whether it is the bit of the bit bitsAs the object of data publishing, or “Gang” Ethereum processing data can exist reasonably.

Without modularization, there will be a popular concept of DA, but it will never receive so much attention.

Ethereum Rollup ends, BTC L2 is in the ascendant

With the modularization, there is a person who carries the tripod. Before the concept of DA, the Rollup route won the victory of the expansion war, and even the trend of spreading to the BTC L2. From a more crazy perspective, modularization is the expansion of capacity.The ultimate solution, no matter which aspect of security, scalability and decentralization, can be pulled out of the main network, built separately, and then connected to the main network.

However, this also brings a very interesting problem. In the case where Bitcoin has almost no capacity expansion solutions, the BTC L2 projects have begun to outbreak. For exampleThe main network of currency is also a idea of using it as the DA layer, followed by ALT L1 to cut into the DA market with greater efforts. Why should Ethereum’s DA monopolize the world?Orthodox must be knocked down, and then set foot on 10,000 feet. Near Da said that he was ready to do so.

In a sense, Ethereum is the improvement of Bitcoin, with POW-& GT; POS, UTXO-& GT; account model, single-& gt; modularization, script-& gt; smart contract, twoThe interaction point of the person is exactly the modularization, that is, the convergence of the expansion route, the difference is that Bitcoin is a passive modularization. More and more L2 treats Bitcoin as DA and settlement or consensus layer.

So must admit it “First of all, the modular Ethereum generates the market demand of Rollup for DA, which leads to the hotness of the DA layer.“The hidden premise here is that rollup is no longer the protagonist, at least Rollup on Ethereum.

It can be distinguished a little, at least divided into the Ethereum DA solution, such as Ethereum, Eigenlayer, Celestia and Near DA, and Bitcoin as the Lightning Network, Omnilayer and B² Network on the BTC as a de facto DA.

The difference in this is that for Ethereum, the solution of Ethereum itself and Eigenlayer is still centered on ETH and Ethereum network. The ultimate empowerment is ETH.Submit “Tour Tolls” to the main network to use the main network based on the security guarantee based on the ETH POS network.Essence

For Bitcoin, it is much simpler. There is no smart contract in Bitcoin. There is no node review. You like to write what data is written in the transaction data. As long as you pay the mining work fee, you must pay attention.If you cannot roll the data or SLASH any node, the BTC L2 must solve the problem of transaction conflict on its own.

The mouth is all kind, and my heart is full of business

Vitalik initiated the difference between the definition and classification of L2 and Rollup, which distinguishes the differences between Rollup, Validium, and Sovereign Rollups. The main dimension lies in the choiceThe operation of teaching “.

The difference between ROLLUP summarized by VISA

We only need to remember that the data availability problem is not a pure technical solution and definition dispute. The core is the income cost of ETH in the POS era. This is a problem related to real gold and silver. The technical dispute is only an appearance, so it only introduces it.

In a narrow sense, data usability is “how to verify the entire node data of light clients”, which can basically derive along the logic below. It comes from the thesis of Vitalik and Celestia founders:

There is a possibility of fraud in the whole node, that is, the data given is a problem;
In the full node, at least one node is an honest node, which saves complete data or real data;
The light node must be able to “remove the false and save the truth”, and can correctly correct the data in a timely manner. For example, multiple light nodes can cross -verify different data from each other. This is a sampling mechanism.

The core here is to prove the mechanism. Take Celestia as an example. The fraud proves is the core of the DA operation. Use fraud proof to correct the error in time. At the same time,Verifying fraud proof is faster than generating fraud, and the light client can quickly complete the verification without affecting user use.

We have in -depth discussions on fraud proof. For fraud proof, everyone only needs to remember that this is close to the optimistic verification process of OP series Rollup, that is, the assumptions are true, and then there are problems.

Reasoning logic of fraud proof:

There is at least one honest node in the whole node;
The broadcast mechanism can operate normally, delaying lower than the network validity limit;
There are a certain number of light nodes, which can restore complete data or equivalent data proof;

Under this logic, we can draw conclusions:The safety and effectiveness of light nodes are equivalent to the entire node.

Since there are OPs, there are naturally imitation of the ZK route. In fact, Ethereum and Eigenlayer are both “valid proof” routes, that is, the proof of effectiveness in advance is distributed, but the generating itself requires a lot of computing power resources itself.Consumption.

In summary, Celestia and Near DA formed a chain+ OP-Like+ cheap+ native currency DA solution, Ethereum and EIGENLAYER forming chain+ validity proof (ZK-Like)+ more expensive+ ETH DA solution lineup lineupEssence

It should be explained that two times, it may not be as expensive as Eigenlayer’s development of the DA solution directly, and Eigenlayer does not necessarily not issue coins, but ETH center status will not change.

Second, the cost of each DA is based on the calculation of Near at the end of last year. It cannot represent real -time and fixed prices, and Ethereum will also speed up and reduce fees in continuous upgrading, but the overall comparison pattern will not change.

From the perspective of ROLLUP’s interests, open source and throttling are two ways to earn money. Trading fees and coins are their own source of profits. You must not let go. The only way to improve the profit is the throw., But the cost is too high, the Celestia opportunities are here.

Eigenlayer is centered on ETH and Celestia is centered on TIA. From the perspective of Vitalik, this is not different from vampire attacks. It uses the ready -made ecology of Ethereum, but eventually empowers its own tokens.

Orthodox and generality, also discuss Bitcoin and Ethereum

Personally, it is believed that the crushing Ethereum is not orthodox, but the DA layer in the chain still has the highest safety. This is the case for Bitcoin and Ethereum.The degree of expansion scheme on the Bitcoin main network.

In -general, we also need to consider the design ideas of each DA.Some DA solutions are special L2 or L1, even BTC L2 and L1 EVM chains such as NEAR, and EIGENLAYER.Essence

Here CELESTIA is very special. It introduces the computing mechanism under the chain. Therefore, theoretically, it can actually be compatible with any virtual machine (VM), and naturally includes EVM. Celestia actively expands the ecology. Cross -chain DAPP calls are also under its planning.

Of course, the modularization of Bitcoin and Ethereum is inconsistent with the thinking of the Ethereum.

Bitcoin DA

To be precise, Bitcoin is forcibly regarded as the DA layer. Whether it is inscriptions, runes, or BTC L2, they are emphasizing the importance of data stored to Bitcoin without exception.

At this level, the lightning network and B Network are represented by two extremes. Lightning networks are completely rely on the Bitcoin main network to settle, and they do not issue their own tokens.As I introduced in the BTC L2 article, the Lightning Network is just a simple payment channel, and the lack of support for smart contracts is a historic product with extremely high orthodox and poor EVM compatibility/poor versatility.

It can be compared. The orthodox nature of ETH, EIP-4844 ETH and Eigenlayer is similar to that. The only difference is that the latter three natives have smart contract functions. It also indirectly proves that the ETH center is not only economic consideration, but also the responsibility of the long-term ecological development.Once the ETH value capture ability is lost, the entire EVM ecology is in danger of collapse.

In comparison, Omnilayer has more progress, using the Bitcoin main network as a data release solution. Although the complete data is needed to download the node, it also lacks an efficient proof mechanism, and it does not support complex operations.The main reason is that it is difficult to call Bitcoin as the DA solution, but the consideration is already the product of “ancient”. It is placed in this purely convenient contrast and does not have strict requirements for the elderly.

In a word, RGB ++ and CKB are trying to explore new methods for the construction of BTC L2. I will produce another article at the right time. The new progress of BTC L2 is combed.

Next, how to use B² Network as an example to illustrate how the BTC L2 of the “New Era” uses Bitcoin as the DA layer, different from the unconscious use of the lightning network and Omnilayer, B² Network has a plan to return the data of the Rollup layer to the data and fraud prove mechanism for the Rollup layer.Combined, the overall thinking is highly similar to Celestia.

In terms of design, the B² Network part is separated from the Bitcoin’s DA role. The Bitcoin main network has more effects on the settlement layer. The data storage of the B² Network DA layer requires that the B² node provides an additional incentive mechanism to cover it to cover it.The cost of centralized storage.

The EVM compatibility of B² Network does not require excessive inspection, but its high probability will issue its own tokens, and the interactive cost of the Bitcoin main network needs to be considered. After all, the cost of Bitcoin is very high.

On the whole, the Bitcoin DAization is still in its infancy. It requires the large -scale practicality of the inscriptions, runes and BTC L2 to give birth to the real needs, but basically it will not run out of the path of Ethereum practice.There will be differences in the above, and the dual restrictions of script language and storage costs need to be considered.

Ethereum DA: Cover Celestia

DA is now known and has a lot to do with Celestia. It is Vitalik’s publishing “Fraud and Data Availability Proofs: Maximising Light Client Security and Scaling B The dissertation of Lockchains with Dishonest Majorities “,This extend the mechanism and implementation principle of DA.

Celestia’s fraudulent proof mechanism, light client, and minimized honesty nodes were all displayed. Subsequently, Mustafa built Celestia’s predecessor in the name of Lazyledger.

However, I did not expect that after Celestia really launched the market, it will be resisted by Vitalik. Economic disputes are the core reasons. The previous article has been analyzed and will not be repeated.

Celestia 自然没有太大多正统性，属于以太坊外的 DA 层，选择 Celestia 作为 DA 层的 Rollup 也被去掉名号，但是在廉价的吸引力法则下还是有越来越多的各类项目来投奔。

Celestia’s operating mechanism is not complicated. The core is that light nodes are efficiently verified through the DAS (data availability sampling) mechanism.

Celestia is cheaply derived from the transfer of calculations to the chain. This not only allows the DA layer to operate at high speed, but also effectively can be compatible with any programming language and VM (virtual machine). The degree of friendship in developing DAPP is also a trick for ecological rapid development.

目前，各类 Rollup 方案、RaaS、Rollup 开发架构、结算层、跨链桥和钱包等应用都可通过 Celestia 进行一站式开发。

In the face of the offensive of people in foreign countries, Ethereum emphasizes that it can also bear the DA layer, and the cost will be lower and lower in the continuous upgrade, but it is limited to existing architecture.Eigenlayer was pushed to the front line of resistance.

Unlike Celestia, Eigenlayer is essentially a collection of smart contracts on Ethereum. From this perspective, Eigenlayer is Ethereum itself, but it can be regarded as an abstract virtual chain. This duality allows it to take into account ETHThe central role can also extend the role of different dimensions. For example, DA, sorter, cross -chain bridge, and L2 bridge can be built with Eigenlayer. This is the case for EIGEN DA.

In popular terms, Eigenlayer’s so -called liquids of liquid restAKING are Lido’s doll version. If ETH can pledge to earn income, you can convert to STETH contemporary currency, then STETH can continue to set the dolls and pledge it again.On the one hand, the generated tokens are the income voucher, and on the other hand, it can also have a complete token effect for daily use.

After Ethereum is converted into the POS mechanism, the number of ETH pledge is directly related to the health and safety of the network. At present, about 30 million ETHs are among the pledge network, worth about $ 100 billion, and the attack cost is second only to Bitcoin.

Since pledge ensures the safety of Ethereum, LSD/LRT can theoretically unlimited dolls, continuously amplifying the tokens in the pledged tokens, according to the basic price of 100 billion yuan, it is only 10 trillion US dollars to enlarge it. Ethereum is Ethereum.The value is enough to support.

The architecture of EIGEN DA is not important. Eigenlayer’s economic model can continue to be key. Even if Eigenlayer does not work, there is no problem with the Ethereum main network.

制制囿囿囿囿 No longer in-depth interpretation of EIGENLAYER/ETH/EIP-4844 ETH, Near Da, and AvailJust remember that it is a problem that provides valid proof of validity proof without the entire node data.

Conclusion: DA is long -term competition

The Ethereum DA market still needs to have a period of competition for a while

The Ethereum DA market has begun. Celestia has taken the lead in issuing the tokens TIA. Although EIGENLAYER is centered on ETH, it is rare to see it.

Although there will be a new DA solution, the DA business on Ethereum has basically completed the horse race, and there will be no more new ideas.
Bitcoin DA is still incremental competition.

According to my judgment, the possibility of Bitcoin is not very likely to be similar to the role of the Ethereum DA, and the lack of smart contracts is still second. The main cost is too expensive, the data compression is hundreds of times, and thousands of times is too expensive.In the final analysis, Ethereum is not suitable for data storage, let alone Bitcoin.

References:

Mustafa Al-Bassam: “Lazyledger: A Distributed Data Availability Ledger with Client-Side Smart Contracts”, 2019; Arxiv: 1905.09274.
Mustafa Al-Bassam, Alberto Sonnino, Vitalik Buterin: “Fraud and Data Availability Proofs: Maximising Light Client Security and Scaling Blockchains with DI Shonest Majorities “, 2018; Arxiv: 1809.09044.
Suwito, M.H., UESHIGE, Y., & Amp; Sakurai, K. (2021). Evolution of Bulletin Board & amp; ITS Application to E -Voting -A Survey.IACR CRYPTOL. Eprint Arch., 202147.
Eigenlayer: The RestAKing Collective
Modular blockchains: a deep dive
Monolithic vs. model blockchain
The ethereum off-chain data availability landscape
On data availability layers
Near Foundation Launches Near Da to Offer Secure
Why Near Data Availability?
https://docs.eigenlayer.xyz/eigenda/overView/
A comparison between da layers