jakiro
Author: 0xnatalie Source: Chainfeeds
In finding the scalability and calculation efficiency solution of the blockchain, zero -knowledge certificate (ZKP) technology is particularly important.ZKVM (Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine) is one of the specific applications of this technology.ZKVM, as a universal computing platform based on ZKP, can verify the correctness of the calculation without leaking the details of the execution details.It also supports the task of large calculation volume outside the chain. Only the verification results are submitted to the blockchain, which greatly enhances the scalability of the blockchain.At present, many projects such as A16Z, TAIKO, ZKM and other projects are developing ZKVM solutions.
ZKVM Introduction
ZKVM is a universal computing platform based on zero -knowledge proof that can perform various computing tasks, including implementing smart contracts, data processing and complex algorithm operations.Its core function is to generate zero -knowledge proof. This proof can verify the correctness of the calculation without revealing the details of execution.Through SNARKS technology, these proofs can be verified under the chain. Verifications do not need to re -execute the entire computing process on the blockchain and pay expensive calculation costs.
In addition, the design of ZKVM is not limited to cryptocurrency transactions. Its versatility allows it to deploy in various application scenarios, such as medical data processing, supply chain management, secret voting system, etc. These applications need to ensure data security.At the same time, verify the correctness of processing logic.
>
ZKVM compares other virtual machines
Traditional virtual machines (VM) usually refer to a complete computing environment virtually on physical hardware. The core function is to simulate the hardware environment and allow multiple operating systems or applications on the same physical hardware.These virtual machines mainly achieve their functions through the isolation of hardware virtualization technology and operating system level.They usually do not involve the process of encrypted verification of applications or data running in it.
Zero -knowledge virtual machine (ZKVM) uses zero -knowledge proof technology to ensure the correctness of the program execution process. This technology is suitable for any program that can be compiled and run on the virtual machine.ZKVM’s design focuses on providing a general computing verification platform, suitable for various application scenarios, and supports a variety of programming languages, such as Rust, C/C ++, and GO. Developers can use their familiar languages to build applications.The computing and verification process is often more time -consuming than traditional VM, because the generating zero knowledge proof is a computing dense process, which requires a large number of computing resources, which largely limits the transaction processing speed (TPS) to a large extent.Although the current ZK technology has made significant progress in a single proof generation, under high load conditions, the ability to deal with large -scale transactions is still limited.The generation of each proof may take a few seconds to a few minutes, which constitutes restrictions on applications that require high throughput (such as large -scale payment processing systems).
ZKEVM is a specific implementation of ZKVM. It is designed for Ethereum ecological, which aims to enhance the scalability of Ethereum through zero knowledge.It is completely compatible with Ethereum’s smart contracts and development tools, such as Solidity and Vyper. The existing Ethereum applications can be seamlessly migrated to ZKEVM without any modification.Therefore, ZKEVM is more like a specific optimized version of Ethereum.
ZKVM related project
Despite the challenges of ZK technology, some project parties still show their technical strength in developing ZKVM solutions.
Jolt: excellent performance
On April 9th, A16Z released the initial implementation of the ZKVM solution Jolt. Jolt is a new type of ZKVM. The main feature is that it runs fast, and it is easier to expand and conduct code audit for developers.
Unlike other ZKVM based on the Stark framework, Jolt uses Lasso to find parameters and Sumcheck -based technology.This innovation method not only simplifies the implementation of the new virtual machine instructions, but also improves the overall speed of the system.Jolt’s design emphasizes ease of use and efficiency. Its code library is very streamlined. Each CPU instruction in Jolt can be realized only 50 lines of RUST code.In addition, Jolt’s performance is also very good. In the preliminary benchmark test, the speed of zero -knowledge certification is more than 5 times faster than the RISC Zero, which is 2 times faster than SP1.
RISC ZERO: Efficient processing complex calculations
Risc Zero is a recursive Snark structure ZKVM, which is characterized by a recursive method that supports mutual nested.In SNARKS technology, recursive proof can be broken down into smaller and easier management proofs.These small proofs can be verified independently and eventually merged into a complete large proof, this process will not affect the effectiveness of the proof.The uniqueness of Risc Zero lies in its current recursive method. It seamlessly integrates multiple layers of proof into a single proof chain, which not only reduces the amount of calculation load and the amount of data that needs to be processed, but also maintains verification in multiple calculation steps in multiple calculation steps.Process safety and integrity.
Another uniqueness of RISC ZERO is that it uses the RISC-V instruction set, which is an open standard ISA (instruction set architecture), which aims to achieve scalability and scalability.This choice ensures that Risc Zero can use extensive tools and support ecosystems to make it easier for access and integration to existing systems compared with other ZKVMs that may use proprietary or universal architecture.
Last year they successfully completed a round A financing of $ 40 million.此轮融资由 Blockchain Capital 领投，，其他知名投资者包括 Bain Capital Crypto、Galaxy Digital、IOSG Ventures、RockawayX、Maven 11、Fenbushi Capital、Delphi Digital 等参与其中。
>
Succinct: developer friendly
Succinct has developed ZKVM SP1. SP1 is dedicated to execute the code written by Rust or any other language compiled by LLVM. It is more flexible and easy to use.SP1 supports modular architecture, allowing developers to customize and expand their functions through “pre -compilation”.Pre -translation refers to modules that can be added or modified by developers. These modules enhance the function of the core virtual machine and enable it to handle specific tasks or operations more efficiently.
In addition, SP1 has built a decentralized proof network, simplified the deployment and execution of proof, thereby reducing the threshold of using advanced encryption methods.The network enables developers to generate proofs and efficiently, providing a simplified method.
In March, SuCCINCT completed a $ 55 million financing.The financing was led by Paradigm. Investors include Robot Ventures, Bankless Ventures, Geometry, and Angel Investor Eigenlayer’s co -founder of Sandeep Nailwal, the co -founder of Polygon.On May 13, SuccinCT announced the launch of the SP1 test network.
>
Taiko: Multi -proof system
TAIKO has begun to transform from ZKEVM to using ZKVM. Its unique ZKVM is the use of multiple proof systems.The concept of multiple proof is proposed by Vitalik that TAIKO shows that it is the first project to implement this concept. It will directly support this multi -proof system when the main online is online at the end of May.This system allows TAIKO’s ZKVM to generate multiple types of proof, thereby improving the security and robustness of the system.Even if there is a problem with one type of proof, other types of proofs can continue to ensure the normal operation of the system and detect any wrong state conversion in time.In addition, the Halo2-KZG proof system is used, so that complex computing and large-scale transactions can maintain efficiency and low cost.
In March, TAIKO completed the $ 15 million Series A financing, which was co -invested by LightSpeed Faction, Hashed, Generation Ventures and Token Bay Capital. GSR and other participates in the investment.
>
ZKM: MIPS architecture is simple and stable
ZKM is the ZKVM project hatched by the Metis Foundation. It uses the MIPS architecture to combine it with zero -knowledge proof technology to create a ZK virtual machine.This design makes ZKP more compatible with the internal computing processing method of the system, speed up the operation speed and reduce the calculation overhead related to the implementation of the ZKP protocol alone.And most of the current ZKVM uses Rust language, and ZKM provides Golang native support.
MIPS (Microprocessor Without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) is the first generation of streamlined instructions for computer architecture.The MIPS instruction set is relatively simple and stable, and can be widely used in various computing devices and embedded systems. It has good versatility and adaptability. The ZKM system based on the MIPS architecture can be more easily developed and deployed.
ZKMIPS divides the entire MIPS program into multiple segments.The instructions of each paragraph are divided into four types and belongs to the corresponding four module tables.ZKMIPS uses the Stark proof method to independently verify the instructions in each module table to ensure that each operation in the table is correct and each instruction in the program segment is included in its corresponding module table.Then verify the execution sequence of each program segment matching the execution of the entire program.In this way, even the programs under the chain can be verified on the chain, which enhances the transparency and trust of the program execution.
ZKM has recently launched a new trust to minimize multi -chain interoperability infrastructure Entangled Rollups, using ZKMIPS to build a multi -chain interoperability framework that does not need to be trusted, decentralized.Unlike the third -party ZK bridge, it can only verify asset transfer through pleasure, but all calculations can be verified, so it is very safe.The key to this interoperability is that there is a general proof mechanism that can generate proof on one blockchain, and then verify on another blockchain.One of the differences between ZKM and other ZKVM is that one that can be generated for all operational zero -knowledge proof.ZKM embeds security into the bottom of the CPU/MIPS architecture, so that all software on this architecture can enjoy the same security without requiring each software to perform zero -knowledge certification separately.
In addition, the characteristics of ZKM are:
-
Compatible with all virtual machines: ZKM is under each virtual machine, which makes it compatible with various blockchain smart contract engines, such as Movevm (ZKMVM), WASM (ZKWASM), and Rustvm (ZKRVM).
-
Plug in: Developers can use ZKM without changing the existing code library.Provides low -cost adoption and allows different smart contract languages and even traditional programming languages.
-
Long -term stability: The MIPS instruction set is stable. It does not need to change the instruction set with the constantly changing EVM, which provides a more stable environment for development.
>
ZKVM’s future outlook
With the continuous maturity of blockchain technology and the continuous exploration of cutting -edge companies, ZKVM’s performance is constantly improving, we can foresee that ZKVM will play an increasingly important role in the encrypted world, becoming part of the key technology.Especially at the moment when data sensitivity and demand for cross -chain security are increasing, ZKVM provides capabilities to adapt to market demand.We look forward to overcome various technical difficulties, such as circuit optimization and the optimization of the system itself, launch ZKVM that perfectly adapt to various programming languages, and bring more developers to the new era of Web3.
