jakiro
author:Arkham
introduction
Satoshi Nakamoto, the anonymous founder of Bitcoin, is the largest Bitcoin holder with 1.096 million Bitcoins (about $128 billion).Arkham’s tag comes from a known mining model called the “Patoshi mode” that contains a unique (known) address where Satoshi uses Bitcoin.Arkham’s research shows that he earned the fortune by mining 22,000 blocks.The personal wallet that holds the most bitcoins is the wallet of Binance Exchange, which owns nearly 250,000 bitcoins.
Through Arkham, we can see which specific wallets hold the most Bitcoin:
BitcoinIt is a decentralized digital currency that runs on a blockchain (a peer-to-peer network).Due to these characteristics, no one is the real owner of the entire Bitcoin network, but individuals can access and own Bitcoin through their own private keys.
Bitcoin’s price surged sharply, reaching about $124,000 in August 2025 and peaked at $2.47 trillion in market cap, resulting in several Bitcoin billionaires and other wealthy holders emerging.In this article, we will explore some of the individuals, companies and wallets that have become big cryptocurrencies, as well as the amount of Bitcoin they hold based on on-chain data and public statements.
Notice: Bitcoin price fluctuates continuously, and the number of Bitcoin held by a specific wallet may change over time.
Summary
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Satoshi Nakamoto is the largest Bitcoin holder, owning approximately 1.1 million Bitcoins, which is about $128 billion at today’s price.
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Coinbase holds nearly 1 million bitcoins in total.BlackRock, Binance and Strategy hold more than 600,000, 450,000 and 200,000 bitcoins, respectively.
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The U.S. government holds 198,000 bitcoins, which come from the Silk Road Market, James Zhong, and the confiscation of Bitfinex hacking incidents.
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There are multiple unknown Bitcoin billionaire wallets, most of which are inactive after Bitcoin initially flows into the wallet.
The largest known individual holder
While many people holding large amounts of Bitcoin are unknown, the identities of many holders have been revealed through public disclosure or research.
Satoshi Nakamoto, the anonymous founder of Bitcoin, is the largest Bitcoin holder with 1.1 million Bitcoins distributed across 22,000 addresses.As the first miner of the network, he mined more than 22,000 blocks between 2009 and 2010 and received 1.1 million Bitcoins as a block reward.However, despite speculating that these rewards are collected by a single entity, we cannot fully determine Satoshi Nakamoto’s true identity.
The following is a known Satoshi Nakamoto address, which can be viewed on Arkham: 1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa.
The second largest known individual Bitcoin holder is the LuBian hacker, who stole 127,426 bitcoins from LuBian in December 2020.At that time, the batch of Bitcoin was worth $3.5 billion, but now it is worth more than $14.8 billion.
The founder of Gemini, the Vinclay Vlavos Twins (Tyler and Cameron), revealed in 2013 that they bought 1% of the total Bitcoin supply at that time.It is estimated that this is about 70,000 Bitcoins (BTC).Currently, the Vinclavos twins hold 17,688 bitcoins, worth just over $2 billion.
Famous venture capitalist Tim Draper bought 29,656 bitcoins from the U.S. Marshals Department in 2014 for $18.7 million.Draper then bought another 2,000 bitcoins in his second Bitcoin auction in December 2014.Arkham currently predicts Draper holds 33,806 bitcoins worth $3.95 billion.Some of the largest addresses predicted for Draper include:
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bc1qul68d3qeqhxa2kq8yrs0l85awu8v7hp2l3pdag
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bc1qzmx9spvnkx3s78v03kswv4xtzp88tem5e5m08j
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bc1q80h3q90uq0297wxv4rnx67mzcwanwp9pd489uf
(Full disclosure: Draper is one of Arkham’s investors through its company Draper Associates)
Michael Saylor, co-founder of MicroStrategy, revealed in November 2021 that he personally owns 17,732 bitcoins.Known for its extremely bullish stance, Sailer has become an important figure in cryptocurrency culture.He maintains an active media presence on Twitter and other platforms, publicly supporting the philosophy of Bitcoin.
Listed companies holding Bitcoin
As the value of Bitcoin as a digital asset is gradually recognized, listed companies have begun to use Bitcoin as part of their investment strategies or diversification of their corporate reserves.
MicroStrategy, led by Michael Saylor, is the publicly held the most Bitcoins.The company has been accumulating Bitcoin since August 2020, with the most recent purchase of 430 Bitcoins in August 2025 for $51.4 million.This brings its total holdings to 629,376 bitcoins (worth $72.4 billion).
Galaxy Digital provides asset management, trading and other institutional services.Founded by Mike Novogratz, Galaxy Digital reports holding $1.58 billion worth of Bitcoin, according to its public filings for 2023-24.However, this figure does not take into account any digital asset loan payables or mortgage payables.
Galaxy Digital’s transaction in Arkham Visualizer
MARA is a listed Bitcoin mining company in North America and another major holder of Bitcoin.They operate nine mining facilities, mining an average of 24.4 bitcoins per day.According to Arkham data, MARA’s on-chain wallet holds 16,975 bitcoins (worth $1.98 billion).
Tesla reportedly holds 10,700 bitcoins.This was initially disclosed in Tesla’s February 2021 10-K filing that said the company used 7.5% of its cash to buy $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin.The company initially said it would start accepting Bitcoin as a payment method for its products, but soon canceled the program on the grounds of climate change.With the cryptocurrency market crashing in 2022, Tesla sold 75% of its Bitcoin in the second quarter of 2022, losing $140 million.Since then, Tesla’s Bitcoin holdings have not changed.Tesla currently holds 11,509 bitcoins worth $1.34 billion.
Finally, BlackRock and other ETF providers hold a large amount of Bitcoin in their spot Bitcoin ETFs.BlackRock is the largest institutional asset management company holding Bitcoin, holding 735,840 bitcoins worth $85.59 billion.
Private companies holding Bitcoin
Mt. Gox, a Japan-based Bitcoin exchange, closed and filed for bankruptcy in 2014 due to massive Bitcoin hacking.Over the years, designated trustees have recovered some of the lost bitcoins, most of which were returned to creditors in 2024.Mt. Gox Wallet currently holds 34,689 bitcoins worth $4.04 billion.
Tether, an issuer of USDT, a stablecoin with circulating supply of 83.4 billion, reported a net profit of $1.48 billion in the first quarter of 2021 and said it will regularly use 15% of its net realized operating profit to purchase Bitcoin from May.Tether currently holds 78,601 bitcoins worth $9.14 billion.
Exchange-traded funds and trusts
Since the launch of Bitcoin Spot ETFs in the United States in January 2024, Arkham has been the first to identify on-chain positions for all ETFs.These include: BlackRock (735,840 bitcoins), Fidelity (14,000 bitcoins), Bitwise (40,780 bitcoins), Franklin Templeton (5,360 bitcoins), ARK Invest (43,990 bitcoins), Invesco (5,490 bitcoins), VanEck (17,090 bitcoins), Valkyrie (5,730 bitcoins), WisdomTree (13,420 bitcoins).
Grayscale is an asset management company that provides multiple products for the open market and is a subsidiary of Digital Currency Group.The digital assets of all financial products in Grayscale are also escrowed by Coinbase.While Grayscale publicly reports its Bitcoin balance, they refused to disclose the trust’s on-chain addresses—which Arkham was able to find, totaling 627,000 bitcoins, distributed across more than 1,750 different addresses, each holding no more than 1,000 bitcoins.Grayscale currently holds 232,178 bitcoins worth $27.01 billion.
Which government has the most Bitcoin
Unlike most countries that confiscate and hold Bitcoin through criminal arrests, El Salvador and the Central African Republic have boldly used Bitcoin as fiat currency.El Salvador bought 2,546 bitcoins for $108 million.Additionally, in November 2022, El Salvador President Nayyib Bukele announced that the country would buy 1 bitcoin a day.El Salvador currently holds 6,272 bitcoins worth $729.62 million.
Since the Russian-Ukraine conflict, Ukraine has also received $22.8 million in Bitcoin donations.According to data reported by the Ukrainian government in April 2021, more than 700,000 public officials declared their own Bitcoin, and some individuals owned up to 18,000 Bitcoins.Ukrainian public officials allegedly hold a total of 46,351 bitcoins.AlthoughThe holdings of the company are not strictly government-owned, but the widespread and public statements of owning Bitcoin are still of great and unusual significance.
Bhutan has been mining bitcoin since 2019, and in May 2023, Bhutan’s sovereign wealth fund Druk Holding and Investments announced a $500 million partnership with Bitdeer to expand its Bitcoin mining business.With its geographical advantages in Bhutan, the country has built several hydropower stations along its glacial rivers.Now, the country will use its cheap and abundant hydropower resources to mine Bitcoin and invest its profits in national development.Bhutan currently holds 9,969 bitcoins worth US$1.16 billion.
Confiscated
However, the United States ranks first in terms of the number of bitcoins seized by the government, with the size of its Bitcoin wallets held by 198,022Bitcoin, worth $23.04 billion.The Bitcoins were recovered by the FBI from the Bitfinex hacker attack and were also seized from Silk Road market and Silk Road hacker James Zhong.The U.S. government liquidated 173,998 bitcoins seized from the Silk Road for $65.84 million at a U.S. Department of Justice (USMS) auction between 2014 and 2015, and liquidated 41,706 bitcoins seized from Silk Road hacker James Zhong, worth approximately $2.21 billion.
The UK holds 61,245 bitcoins worth $7.13 billion.The UK Metropolitan Police seized 61,000 bitcoins from Jian Wen and Zhimin Qian in 2018 and gained access to those bitcoins in July 2021.
In 2017, the Bulgarian government confiscated 213,519 bitcoins after a crime campaign.At the time, this accounted for 1% of the circulating supply and was worth $3.3 billion.After the action, rumors were rumored that the government auctioned all Bitcoin earnings in the following months.However, it is still unclear whether this is true.
In July 2022, Finland liquidated 1,889 bitcoins seized from criminal activities before 2018.Finnish customs still holds 90 bitcoins and other undisclosed amounts of other tokens, which are currently awaiting a court ruling.
In addition, in January 2024, the German government fromMovie2k confiscated 50,000 bitcoins.However, these Bitcoins have been sold all in July 2024.
Cryptocurrency Exchange
Coinbase ranks first in exchange bitcoin holdings, with 974,400 bitcoins identified on-chain worth $113.4 billion (representing the funds escrowed by itself and its customers in Coinbase).Coinbase also invests in crypto assets with some of its net income and holds a certain amount of Bitcoin to meet the operational needs of customers to withdraw money at any time.
Binance and Upbit are also major exchange holders of Bitcoin, holding 622,280 and 170,800 Bitcoins respectively.Exchange cold wallets escrow customer deposits usually do not represent the ownership of the exchange.Binance and Upbit hold more than 4% of the Bitcoin circulation supply together.
The largest wallet of Bitcoin not owned by the big Bitcoin account
In addition to cryptocurrency exchanges, there are many anonymous bitcoin billionaires wallets that hold large amounts of bitcoin.These wallets are active at varying levels, some actively conducting transactions, while others are dormant for a long time, leaving people guessing whether their owners are still accessible.
existOf the top 10 wallets analyzed, 6 are inactive, and the remaining 4 wallets have experienced capital outflows since their creation.Interestingly, there are some in the top 10 Bitcoin billionaires walletsCreated after January 2018.
Below is the largest unattended Bitcoin holder table showing the amount of Bitcoin they hold, the percentage of the supply in circulation, the status of the wallet, and the observations of the wallet.
Top Unattended Wallets with Over $1 Billion Bitcoin
in conclusion
Bitcoin has evolved from a niche project for cryptography enthusiasts to a globally important financial asset with numerous companies, individuals and government holders.Bitcoin’s strong attraction to users stems from its decentralized nature, which ensures that no one has a fully owned Bitcoin network, and that even the most tenacious attackers are nearly impossible to control.
BitcoinThe maximum supply of 21 million pieces is a fundamental principle of the project design, aiming to ensure that it is always a scarce asset and no additional issuance will be given to boost its value.Given that 3.7 million bitcoins are expected to be permanently lost in inaccessible wallets, the actual total supply of bitcoins is even lower.
