Author: E2M Researcher Steven

Foreword

• Why is it worthy of attention in the near future?

After the Bitcoin spot ETF passed, the next narrative immediately moved to Ethereum as its core narrative logic: May Ethereum Etf + Cancun upgrade + RESTAKING and so on in May.

• Ethereum development rules first peers

Merge’s former Ethereum is more like a development model of a startup company. POW gives miner block rewards as early marketing methods, and does not care about the value of Thaitan currency.Experience.

The purpose of Merge is not to have better performance in Ethereum, but to reduce the consumption of generating blockchain (POW transformed into POS). The metaphor of web2.0 is more like a metaphor of the upstream part of an industrial chain.The sustainable development is paved, and the tokens economy has also become a shrinking. At the same time, the user experience is focused on the income of the miners into pledge income. The GAS Fee income has also been reduced.

Cankun upgraded the corresponding part of The Surge, and began to use the user experience first (such as increasing transaction speed and reducing GAS Fee).

The interval between the future upgrade week will be relatively short. After the Ethereum is upgraded in Shanghai in a sense, the consensus of POW will be changed to POS.Entering a mature period, although there are still several major upgrades in the future, it can be seen that the core purpose is to focus on the scalability, simpler verification blocks on the chain, cheaper, more powerful and stable performance.

• Some thinking

The development of Ethereum is complex and diverse. In the process of learning the overall development path, there are many problems that have not been solved.

Vitalik has a very strong guiding role in the development of Ethereum.In fact, if it is from the perspective of a company, a good CEO leads the company’s charge, which is a very good development method. In the end, all the Ethereum ecosystem driven by God will be long eth.

Layer2, such as ARB, OP, ZKSYNC, Metis; AAVE, Compound, UNISWAP and other DEFIs, and many other projects that are valued at the Ethereum, and can become a popular narrative for a period of time. Ethereum can get more or less.dividend.

Rather than Microsoft and Apple, the closest to feel is Nvidia.AI development, VRAR, Web3.0, various cloud, computing power centers, cut -edge technology cannot be around the computing power, and it is inseparable from Nvidia.

Web 3.0 also has a similar state. It is difficult to leave Ethereum for any development. The narrative of Ethereum has been quiet for a while.Defi Summer, NFT Summer, etc. will drive the price of Ethereum, and projects with a longer half -life need to have sufficient contact with Ethereum.

Many people who want to get rid of Ethereum are basically thinking about the logic of “Ethereum Killer”. Ton I have discussed before, do not step on Ethereum, has no sound.

The development of Ethereum is very decentralized, and the chain of Ethereum itself is very decentralized; sometimes it feels that Ethereum is developing the degree of development of this piece.The degree of decentralization is good.The side also reflects that a project is essentially centralized.

Perhaps one day Ethereum can also develop to a stage of maturity in the future, and then completely decentralized governance, but as long as Vitalik is still young, I think that day is still far away.Having said that, Ethereum is just an 11 -year -old company, which is far from mature.

1. Big background -simple review of Ethereum history

1.1 History and forks

The following content framework is quoted from: https://ethereum.org/zh/history, and other public information.

2013 -stage 0 is born in Ethereum

Published in the white paper, the birth of Ethereum

• On November 27, 2013, Vitalik Buterin released “Ethereum White Paper”

• Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin released the first version of the White Paper of Ethereum to introduce the tokens of the Ethereum platform;

• summary

The white paper defines smart contracts.For the first time, the concept of Ethereum is mentioned. The white paper illustrates that Ethereum can be used as a fuel fee (GAS) on the Ethereum network. When users conduct transfer transactions, deploying smart contracts and other activities, they need to pay a certain fuel fee.As a reward, pay to the block verification person (also known as the miner). If the sponsor of the transaction pays the Ethereum insufficient coin, the transaction will not be executed.The sponsor’s wallet.

2014 — Sales of Ethereum in Phase 0.5

Ethereum sales

• July 22, 2014 00:00:00 +UTC

• Ethereum’s pre -sale period is 42 days, and Bitcoin can be used for purchase.

• summary

The initial exchange rate is 1 Bitcoin convertible to 2,000 Ether coins. This exchange rate remains 14 days, and then the exchange rate starts to fall linearly until it drops to 1 Bitcoin and exchanges 1337 Ethereum. The token was sold on September 2, 2014At the end of the day, the cumulative sales of about $ 18 million were obtained, and Yi Gong took more than 60 million yuan.After completing the purchase, the receiving Ethereum should wait until the launch of the Ethereum creation block before the transfer can be carried out.

In addition to ETH of more than 60 million pre -sale, there are two other allocations.One was allocated to the contributors participating in Ethereum early development, and the other was allocated to long -term research projects.The number of these two ETHs is 9.9%of the number of pre -sale ETH.

That is, when Ethereum was officially released, a total of 72002454.768 ETH was allocated.

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Image source: https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/07/22/launching-the-ether-sale

2015 -first stage: Frontier

On March 3, 2015, four important stages were announced in the official blog of Ethereum. According to the blog, some of the thinking logic of Vitalik’s thoughts as follows:

• Frontier (border/cutting -edge): The main purpose of Frontier in the release process is to allow mining operations and Ethereum exchanges, so that the community can start their mining equipment and start to establish a “real -time” environment. People can test DAPP in them DAPPAnd get Ethereum to upload them to introduce their software into Ethereum.Let Ethereum completely stable among core R & D staff and auditors;

• Hometead (Home): Frontier is like an internal test version, HomeStead is a public beta;

• Metropolis (Metropolis): Complete and mature user interaction version, pursue user experience;

• Serenity (tranquility): POW to POS

border

• July 30, 2015 03:26:13 +UTC

• summary

The border is the original version of Ethereum, but there are few things that can be done on it.This version was launched after the Orey test was successfully completed.It is facing technical users, especially developers.The block has a fuel limit of 5,000 units.This “thawing” stage enables miners to start operation and enable early adopters to have enough time to install the client.

Similar to the cold start of many Web 3.0 projects, “miners” will receive 5 Ethereum rewards for each block on the “border” main network.

Border thawing fork

• September 7, 2015 09:33:09 +UTC

• Block number: 200,000

• Ethereum price: $ 1.24

• summary

The border thawed fork increases the limit of 5,000 units of each block, and sets the default fuel price to 51 GWEI.In this way, the transaction -transaction requires 21,000 units of fuel.

In order to ensure the concept of difficult bombs in the future, the concept of difficult bombs is introduced.

Difficulty bomb, also known as TTD, is called Total Terminal Diffical, which is the sum of all block difficulties in the past.When the difficulty of mining accumulated throughout the network reaches TTD, ETH’s main network will start “difficulty bombs”.”Difficult Bomb” is a backdoor function that performs the difficulty of Ethereum.The POW out of the Paifang is not fixed, but dynamically adjusts the difficulty of mining according to the computing power of the entire network. In this way, the block time is fixed to a rough range.The deployment of difficult bombs is to adjust the difficulty of mining to a large value through the rear door function, so that no miners can produce blocks at the difficulty of mining, thereby promoting the miners to abandon POW.The conversion of POW-POS does not set a fixed block height, but stipulates that TTD is the moment when Merge occurs, in some reason to prevent someone from deliberately destroying the process of Merge.

In disguise, Ethereum had a long time ago with POW to POS.

2016 —— Second stage: Hometead

Ethereum for the first time, after experiencing multiple security incidents, gradually improved some of the specifications of smart contracts.

Home fork

• March 14, 2016 06:49:53 +UTC

• Block number: 1,150,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 12.50

• summary

Homes in the home, optimizing the creation of smart contracts.

DAO

• July 20, 2016 01:20:40 +UTC

• Block number: 1,920,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 12.54

• summary

The fork is a passive fork outside the plan, which stems from an attack event on Ethereum.

The DAO is a crowdfunding project initiated by blockchain company Slock.IT to provide a community funding method for the project.Community users participate in voting by converting ETH in their hands to Dao token. If crowdfunding is successful, they can get some profit rewards.The project completed a 28 -day crowdfunding in April 2016, raising a total of more than 12 million ETH, which accounted for almost 14%of the number of Ethereum at that time.However, just two months later, the hacker used the vulnerability in the DAO code to stole 3.6 million ETH from the fund pool.

This operation is determined by the Ethereum community.All Ethereum holders can vote through transactions on the voting platform.The fork’s decision received more than 85% voting.By rolling back in a split, ETH stolen by hackers recovered.

This fork transfers funds from a problem -problemly contract to a new contract. There is only one feature of the new contract: withdrawal.Anyone who loses funds can withdraw Ethereum in their wallet, 1 Ethereum per 100 DAO tokens.

Some miners refused to split because the DAO incident was not a defect in the agreement.They later formed Ethereum Classics (ETC).

Orange mouth whistle

• October 18, 2016 01:19:31 +UTC

• Block number: 2,463,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 12.50

• summary

Orange mouth whistle fork is an optimization of the problem of serious delay in transaction processing on September 18, 2016 Ethereum Network’s rejection service (DOS) attack; it mainly solves emergency network health issues related to operating codes related to the underestimation of prices.

Pseudo -dragon split -SPURIOUS DRAGON

• November 22, 2016 04:15:44 +UTC

• Block number: 2,675,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 9.84

• summary

Pseudo -dragon fork is further optimized for the rejection service (DOS) network attack, including:

-C adjustment of the operating code to prevent the network from being attacked in the future.

-The “blockchain reduction” in the blockchain status.

-Puge overweight attack protection.

2017 — Third stage: Metropolis

The main task of Metropolis is to repair some problems in the Ethereum network and prepare for the introduction of ZK-SNARKS.

The most influential event at this stage is the two halves of block rewards: from 5ETH to 3ETH to 2ETH, it is a transition period from POW to POS.

At this stage, we will consider the user experience and how to smoothly from POW to POS in the future.

Byzantine upgrade

• October 16, 2017 05:22:11 +UTC

• Block number: 4,370,000

• Ether coin price: US $ 334.23

• summary

Byzantine forks were paved for the introduction of ZK-Snark, and began to pay attention to user privacy and user experience.

-The block mining reward is reduced from 5 Ether coins to 3 Ether coins.

-Fle the difficulty bomb for one year.

-It the ability to call other contracts without changing status.

-It some encryption methods to achieve layer2.

2019 -Fourth stage: Serenity (tranquility)

Ethereum is gradually mature and consensus is transferred from POW to POS. User experience, security, district decentralization, scalability as Ethereum’s most important development direction.

Constantinople

• February 28, 2019 07:52:04 +UTC

• Block number: 7,280,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 136.29

• summary

The block mining rewards are reduced from 3 Ethereum to 2 Ether coins.

• December 8, 2019 12:25:09 +UTC

• Block number: 9,069,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 151.06

• summary

-O optimized fuel cost in the Ethereum virtual machine.

-In improve the recovery ability after being rejected.

-The Layer2 solution based on the Layer2 solution based on the “zero -knowledge simplicity and non -interactive knowledge argument” and “zero -knowledge expansion and transparent knowledge argument”.

-Pex contracts can introduce more creative functions.

2020

Miaoer Glacier Upgrade

• 08:30:49 +UTC, January 220, 2020

• Block number: 9,200,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 127.18

• summary

Miaoer glacier fork delays the difficulty bomb.Increasing the difficulty of the block of the workload to prove the consensus mechanism may increase the waiting time of sending transactions and using decentralized applications, thereby reducing the availability of Ethereum.

Deploy pledged deposit contracts

• October 14, 2020 09:22:52 +UTC

• Block number: 11,052,984

• Ethereum price: US $ 379.04

• summary

The pledge deposit contract will introduce the pledge to the Ethereum ecosystem.Although it is a main network contract, it directly affects the launching timeline of the benchmark chain, while the latter is an important part of Ethereum upgrade.

Lemon Bid Chain Creation Block

• December 1, 2020 12:00:35 +UTC

• Bidding chain block number: 1

• Ethereum price: US $ 586.23

• summary

The label chain requires 16,384 accounts to store 32 pledges to ensure that it is launched safely.This occurred on November 27, 2020, which means that the benchmark chain began production blocks on December 1, 2020.

The benchmarking chain plays the role of management supervision and verification of the blockchain network.Among them, the benchmarking chain is to select the verification in a random way. The verified successful person will be rewarded, but if there is a malicious behavior, it will be punished.

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After the merger, a time unit of a block will appear in the form of grooves and eras.Create a slot every 12 seconds, and each era is composed of 32 slots.A era is a fixed period of time, and the inspector will be re -assigned at the end of this time period.

To become an authenticator and obtain the right to vote, users must invest at least 32 ETH.

The rules of Ethereum are that for each era, the verifications will be randomly distributed to 32 committees to ensure that each committee consists of at least 128 verifications.The system uses a random algorithm Randao to allocate 1 verification person each time, and also randomly selects a committee for this period.This verified person is responsible for proposing blocks, and the committee is responsible for verification and voting for the proposal.Once the vote is passed, a block will be generated, and the proposal will get a reward; otherwise, not only the rewards cannot be obtained, but the security deposit will be confiscated.The same situation is also applicable to ordinary inspectors: if the rules are correctly abide by the rules, they can be rewarded, and the destroyer will be punished.Once the 32 ETH deposits drop to less than 16 ETH, the qualifications of the verification will be terminated.

2021

Berlin upgrade

• 10:07:03 +UTC on April 15, 2021

• Block number: 12,244,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 2,454.00

• summary

Berlin upgrades and optimizes the cost of fuel operations operated by some Ethereum virtual machines, and increases support for multiple trading types.

London upgrade

• 12:33:42 +UTC on August 5, 2021

• Block number: 12,965,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 2,621.00

• summary

London has upgraded the EIP-1559 to reform the trading market.Continue to delay the difficulty bomb until December 1, 21.

Aoba upgrade

• 10:56:23 +UTC on October 27, 2021

• Time number: 74,240

• Ethereum price: US $ 4,024.00

• summary

The Eagle upgrade is the first letter of the plan to upgrade.It increases its support for the “Synchronous Committee” -to support the light client, and in the process of the progress of the merger, it adds punishment for the laziness and being punished by the verificationrs.

Arrow -shaped glacier upgrade

• December 9, 2021 07:55:23 +UTC

• Block number: 13,773,000,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 4,1111.00

• summary

Difficult bombs delayed a total of 10,700,000 blocks until June 2022.

2022

Gray Glacier Upgrade

• June 30, 2022 10:54:04 +UTC

• Block number: 15,050,000

• Ethereum price: US $ 1,069.00

• summary

The gray glacier network upgrade has delayed the difficulty bomb for three months.This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, which is essentially similar to the upgrade of arrow glaciers and Muir glaciers.Byzantine, Constantinople and London’s network upgrades have also made similar changes.

Bellatrix upgrade

• September 6, 2022 11:34:47 +UTC

• Time number: 144,896

• Ethereum price: US $ 1,558.00

• summary

Bellatrix upgrade is the plan to upgrade the second letter chain of the plan, so that the benchmark chain is prepared for merging.It has raised the punishment of the verified as a provenant due to laziness and being punished to its entire value.The Bellatrix upgrade also includes the update of the fork selection rules, so that the benchmark chain is merged and the transition from the last workload block to the first equity proof block is prepared.This includes a consensus client aware of the total difficulty of the terminal 587500000000000000000.

Paris upgrade (merger)

• September 15, 2022 06:42:42 +UTC

• Block number: 15,537,394

• Ethereum price: US $ 1,472.00

• summary

Paris upgrades are triggered by the workload that the blockchain exceeds the total difficulty of the terminal 587500000000000000000.This occurred at the block 15537393 on September 15, 2022, and the Paris upgrade was triggered at the next block.The upgrade of Paris is the consolidated transition. Ethereum’s main function ended the workload certificate and related consensus logic and launched a certificate of equity.The Paris upgrade itself is an upgrade of the execution client (equivalent to the Bellatrix upgrade on the consensus layer), allowing the execution client to accept instructions from the consensus client connected to it.

2023

Capella upgrade

• 22:27:35 +UTC on April 12, 2023

• Time number: 194,048

• Bidding chain block number: 6,209,536

• Ethereum price: US $ 1,917.00

• summary

The upgrade of Capella is the third major upgrade of the consensus layer (the benchmark chain), which has achieved pledge withdrawal.Capella and Shanghai were upgraded to the execution layer simultaneously and enabled the pledge withdrawal function.

The consensus upgrade allows the pledged pledkers who have not provided the initial deposit withdrawal certificate to provide withdrawal vouchers to achieve withdrawal.

The upgrade also provides an automatic account scanning function, which can continuously handle any available reward payment or full withdrawal of the verification account account.

Shanghai upgrade

• 22:27:35 +UTC on April 12, 2023

• Block number: 17,034,870

• Ethereum price: US $ 1,917.00

• summary

The Shanghai upgrade will introduce the pledge withdrawal into the execution level.Shanghai upgrade and Capella upgrade at the same time, so that the block can accept the withdrawal operation. Therefore, the pledker can extract Ethereum from the letter chain to the execution layer.

1.2 Why can Ethereum become a shrinking model?

POW is more like an early marketing method of a startup company. There are subsidies for stable famous songs (the stable returns of miners’ mining). POS is more like equity, ETH net issuance.

The Merge has significantly changed the monetary policy of Ethereum.By eliminating the reward of miners and converting into pledge rewards, it has greatly reduced the new ETH token circulation, which constitutes the daily circulation of ETH about 88.7%, which is equivalent to the 0.52%annualized circulation rate of the total supply. ThenAs the GAS fee under the EIP-1559 was destroyed, the net circulation volume showed a deflation trend.

There are two key changes:

1.2.1 EIP-1559 introduced and introduced by London: Cited the cost combustion mechanism

• Calculation formula for the old protocol: GAS Fee = Gas Units (Limit) Gas Price Per Unit

For the simplest chain transfer transaction, no matter how busy the chain is, Gas Limit is fixed to 21,000.Therefore, as long as the Gas Price and Gas Limit are clear, we can know how much ETH we spend for this interaction.The Gas Price will change with the congestion of the network, and the Gas Limit remains unchanged.

Suppose Alice needs to pay 1 Ethereum to BOB.In the transaction, the fuel limit is 21,000 units, and the price of the fuel is 200 GWEI.

The total cost is: Gas Units (Limit) * Gas ​​Price Per Unit, that is, 21,000 * 200 = 4,200,000 GWEI or 0.0042 Ethereum.

In order to be more prioritized, scientists may set up a high GAS Fee as soon as they pat their heads, which causes the user experience to be more chaotic and difficult to estimate.

• New protocol calculation formula: GAS Fee = (Base Fee + Priority Fee) × Gas Limit, and the next block Base Fee increases up to 12.5%

Among them, the Base Fee is directly destroyed by the protocol settings, and Priority Fee is a tip that the user sets a paid to the verified by the user.

For example, assume that Jordan pays one Etherium to Taylor.Ether coin transfer requires 21,000 units of fuel, and the basic fee is 10 GWEI.Jordan paid 2 GWEI as a tip.

The cost is 21,000 * (10 + 2) = 252,000 GWei (0.000252 Ethereum).

When Jordan transfer, 1.000252 Ethereum will be deducted from the Jordan account.Taylor’s account increased by 1.0000 Ethereum.Verifications receive tips worth 0.000042 Ethereum.0.00021 Base Fee of Ethereum was destroyed.

1.2.2 Paris upgrade

First of all, Constantindingburg hard fork, mining rewards were reduced by 3 ETHs of each block reward to 2 ETH.Then, The Merge transformed POW into POS, mining rewards (160,000 ETH/day) directly disappeared, and turned into pledge rewards (1,600ETH/day), and the circulation decreased by 99%.

On September 15, 2022, after the upgrade of Paris, Ethereum officially began to shrink.

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Data source: https://ultrasound.money/

Since Merge, the total supply has fired more than 300,000 Ether coins, the number of destroys of 981k each year, the number of issued issues is 723K, and shrinks at a rate of 0.21%per year.

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Data source: https://ultrasound.money/

After Merge, Ethereum solved the problem of high energy consumption that brought high energy consumption, and then focused on performance problems and costs. Layer 2 solved these two problems at the same time, so it became the most concerned track of Ethereum ecology after Merge.

1.3 Ethereum’s future upgrade route

Vitalik Buterin proposes the vision of the Ethereum line diagram. According to the impact on the Ethereum architecture, the route map will be upgraded to several categories.This includes:

• Merge: The upgrade from the transition from the workload to the equity (completed)

• Surge: More than 100,000 TPS on Rollups

• SCOURGE: The upgrade of anti -review, decentralization, LSD, and MEV risk

• VERGE: Involved the upgrade of the block more easily

• Purge: Involging the calculation cost of the operating node and the upgrade of the simplified protocol protocol

• Splurge: others

These upgrades are parallel, that is, which part of the development is fast, it may be upgraded first.

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Image source -v God Twitter: https://twitter.com/vitalikbuterin/status/1741190491578810445

2. What is the Cancun upgrade?What important EIPs to land?

After the merger of Ethereum, the most important thing is to improve performance TPS, reduce GAS Fee, and make Ethereum close to a perfect application.

Vitalik believes what kind of TPS and GAS Fee can Ethereum reach a qualified public chain?

• For example: TPS reaches 100,000+.The average TPS of VISA is 2000, with a peak of 4000+; the average PayPal average TPS is 200; Alipay’s busy period can reach 250,000.

The Ethereum upgrade is called Dencun+Cancun. Among them, Cancun (Cankun, DevCon holds a city) upgrade focuses on the Execution Layer, and DeneB upgrade focuses on consensus layer.

Cankun upgraded the corresponding part of The Surge, with a target of 10+TPS.

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According to GitHub, the following six EIPs are executed on the show that the Cankun upgrade is to be executed. We will focus on the next part.

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Image source: https: //github.com/ethereum/execution-dcs/blob/master/network- Upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/cancun.md

In addition to Pro-Danksharding (EIP-4844), Cankun upgrades also include EIP-6780, EIP-1153, EIP-6475, EIP-4788 and other improved proposals.

2.1 Proto-DANKSHARDING — EIP 4844

One of the most important things upgraded by Cankun is to introduce Proto-Danksharding as Ethereum to fully expand the capacity to transition, and the closer technical reference in advance.The ultimate goal of Ethereum is to divide the main network into 64 pieces to reach 100,000+TPS.

The background proposed by Proto-Danksharding is that although the ROLLUP solution compares the Ethereum main chain, it has significantly reduced the transaction cost, but it has not reached the ideal level of enough.This is because CALLDATA, which provides data availability on the main chain of Ethereum, still occupies a large cost (16GAS / byte).In the original ideas, Ethereum proposed that the dedicated data space of each block of 16MB of each block was used for ROLLUP, but the real implementation of the data shard was still far away.

Layer2 is currently transmitted to Layer1’s data stored in CALLDATA and permanently stored the data into the execution layer.In addition, for security, CALLDATA requires GAS every step in order to prevent network resources from abuse.

After the merger of Ethereum, the consensus layer (responsible for POS consensus) and execution layer (execution contract code) were divided.The execution layer is the data stored in the CALLDATA (can be considered a type of transaction).

You can divide the content contained in callData into two parts:

• Execute results

• Trading data-without too many uses, it is useless after verification. It can be downloaded for verification for a long time. It does not even need to be passed to the execution level-EIP-4844 is to solve the problem of transaction data. This partIt has accounted for more than 60%of the entire cost of callData.

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Data source: https://duNE.com/optimismfnd/optimism-L1-batch-Submission-Fees-soCURITY- COSTS

In fact, as a transaction data, only verification needs, no execution needs, and no need to transmit them to the execution layer to increase the burden on the execution layer, only nodes that are stored on the consensus layer.

To this end, the EIP-4844 introduced a new transaction type-Blob (BINARY LARGE OBJECTS, which is further subdivided to the typeThe package is like an additional plug -in database that designs a data type Blob separately for the data passed by L2, and separates it from the callData of Layer1.In this way, BLOB data only needs to meet people in need to access verification within a certain period of time. There is no need to execute all layers of Layer1, which greatly reduces the burden on Layer1.

The size of each BLOB introduced by Proto-Danksharding is 128 KB. Each Ethereum block is planned to include 3-6 BLOB (0.375 MB-0.75MB), which will gradually expand to 64 in the future.

In contrast, the size of the data that can be accommodated at each block of Ethereum is less than 200KB. After the introduction of BLOB, the amount of data that can be accommodated by the Ethereum block will increase significantly.

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Data source: https://etherscan.io/chart/blocksize

EIP-4844 is the advance version of Danksharding. It aims to temporarily store and retrieve the data under the chain through the Ethereum node. Layer2 itself is the data under the compression chain.The transaction fee is reduced by 10-100 times.

If the DENCUN is successfully upgraded, the average target of a block plug -in 3 BLOB will be achieved, and the throughput of L2 will increase by nearly 2 times.If the goal of 64 BLOBs of a block plug -in is finally achieved, the throughput of L2 will increase by nearly 40 times.

Proto-DANKSHARDING introduced EIP-1559 to further reduce the cost of BLOB

• Different types of GAS should have different basic costs and maximum restrictions

• BLOB data costs are cheaper -BLOB does not compete for block space, theoretical Gasfee should be lower, natural and cheap, further reduce the cost

What if you want to see the transaction data?

The EIP-4844 also introduced Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg promises as a case as a BLOB verification and proof of the process.KZG promises to be a chromatomy polynomial commitment case, so that the submitters can make a string of short string to promise polynomial, and support the verified person to make the short -character string to confirm the promise declared.Simply put, KZG can simplify the verification work of a large amount of data into verification of small encryption commitments.

Introduce Proto-Danksharding before and after comparison.

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2.2 Others

The EIP-6780 proposes to modify the SelfDestruct operating code function to prepare for the future application of Merkel Tree.After the application of Merkel tree, Ethereum storage efficiency will be greatly improved.

EIP-1153 By adding the transient storage operating code, the protocol can be temporarily stored, thereby saving the network GAS fee.

The EIP-6475 is a supporting solution for the EIP-4844. By introducing the SSZ coding transaction type, it provides better readability and compact serialization.

The EIP-4788 aims to improve the structure of cross-chain bridges and Staking pools.

3. Related data situation

3.1 layer2 data situation

• Total tvl

Total TVL has exceeded $ 20B

• Data source: https://l2beat.com/scaling/tvllayer2 TVL situation

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Although Vitalik believes that ZK is the final scheme of Rollup. In fact, ARB+OP and other OP series have exceeded 85%. At the same time, many projects are trying to combine OP+ZK to continuously iterate.

• Data source: https://l2beat.com/scaling/summarylayer 2 GAS Fee case.

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The handling fee of a few dollars in a single transaction may be a small number for the OG of early contact with Web3.0, but it is still too expensive for Mass Adpotion.

• Data source: https://l2fees.info/ income status

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Data source: https://cryptofees.info/, category select layer1, layer2, blockchain select the four public chains in the figure in the figure

3.2 TPS

The earliest TPS of Ethereum is 108. In theory, Layer2’s TPS can exceed 100,000 transactions/seconds (TON), but there is no such level application at present, and it is also a more concerned place.

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Data source: https://chainspect.app/dashboard/tps

Like Layer2’s real -time TPS is currently less than 50.

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Data source: https://chainspect.app/dashboard/tps? Tag = layer_2

4. Problems to be solved

• Ethereum liquidity leads to a certain degree of splitability due to multiple different layer2?The potential scheme is the serializer sharing, decentralized serializer, etc.

• CM: The money of chain A is not easy to reach Chain B. The concept of Layer2 is a service layer. ARB is mainly led by GMX. Layer2’s market is small. At the beginning of Layer2’s task, the business segment of Taifang to Layer2EssenceThe solution is now solved through the application layer.Through cross -chain applications to solve the problem of experience, there will be a phenomenon of funds from the perspective of the chain, which is mainly a problem of security.

• DZ: It seems that Layer2 has risen a lot recently?Stir frying Layer2’s expectations?Can I immediately reduce the cost of 4844?As a result, some patterns will change, such as the USDT of the wave field to Ethereum Layer2.

Appendix -knowledge science

1. Network upgrade and bull

In the development process of the Ethereum protocol, the meaning of the network upgrade as the fork is the same. They are changed to the Ethereum protocol, adding new rules (EIP forms), which can be within the plan or outside the plan.However, the meaning of hard forks is different. It refers to this kind of network update incomplete backward compatibility, and may even change the existing functions of the deployed contracts and make certain previous transactions ineffective.

2. Introduction to EIP/ERC

Main reference source: https://eips.ethereum.org/eips/eip-1, that is, EIP-1

2.1 EIP classification

EIP can be divided into three major categories:

Standards Track EIP (Standard Tracking EIP): This type of EIP describes any changes that affect the implementation of most or all Ethereum, or affect any changes or additions of the interoperability of the application of Ethereum.In simple terms, it is any EIP that will change all or most of Ethereum.It can be subdivided into the following:

• Core (core): refers to changes that may cause forks, modifications that need to be carried out (such as EIP-5, EIP-101, etc.), and it is not necessarily a consensus but may be a change in content related to the “core development” of Ethereum;

• Networking (network): Refers to the modification of the DEVP2P (EIP-8) and Light Ethereum Subprotocol around Ethereum, as well as proposed improvements in the specifications of Whisper and SWARM network protocols.

• Interface (interface): refers to the improvement of language -level standards such as the definition and standard of the Ethereum client API/RPC.

• ERC: Refers to application -level standards and agreement.It includes token standards, name registration, URI solution, account abstraction, etc.

Meta EIP (meta -proposal EIP): This type of EIP changes around Ethereum processes (or events in the process), including modifications of process modification, user guide, decision -making process, development environment and tools.Because this modification requires community users to comply together, it is necessary to reach a community consensus.

Informational EIP: This type of EIP is non -standard improvement. It does not propose new features. It only puts forward design issues and opinions on the general guidelines or information of the Ethereum community, and does not necessarily represent the consensus or suggestions of the Ethereum community.

At present, the EIP repository has separated from ERC and EIP.The EIP-7329 proposal proposes to split the ERC specification from the EIP repository into a new repository so that only the core protocol EIP can be retained. Therefore, the current EIP repository is a protocol for standardization Ethereum itself and the construction based on its construction.Tracking Ethereum’s past and progressive improvements in the form of EIP.ERC (Ethereum Request for Comment) repository is aimed at standardized Ethereum application layer. It tracks the past and progressive application standards in the form of ERC.There are many ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, etc. in ERC.

2.2 EIP review process

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Idea-the idea of ​​Idea-pre-draft.This will not be tracked in the EIP repository.

The first formal follow-up stage in DRAFT-EIP development.When the format is correct, the EIP will be merged into the EIP repository by the EIP editor.

The review-EIP author sees EIP as ready and requests peers for review.

Last call Last Call- This is the final review window of the previous EIP.The EIP editor will allocate Last Call status and set up the Last-Call-Deadline, which is usually 14 days later.

If the necessary regulatory changes are caused during this period, EIP will be restored to Review.

Final Final-the EIP represents the final standard.The final EIP is in the final determination, and it should only be updated to correct the errors and add non -standard description.

The PR that transfers EIP from the last call to the final call should not include any changes except status update.The changes of any content or editor’s proposal should be updated from this state and submitted before it.

Stagging Stagnantdraft-Any EIPLAST CALL that is located or review or 6 months or more than a longer period of time will be moved to Stagnant.Author or EIP editor can recover from this state by moving the EIP back to DRAFT or earlier.If not resurrected, the proposal may always be maintained.

The EIP author will receive a notice from any algorithm change in its EIP status

Withdrawing Withdrawn-EIP author has withdrawn the proposal EIP.This state has the final nature and can no longer use the EIP number to resurrect.If the idea is continued later, the idea will be considered a new proposal.

A special state of Living-EIP aims to constantly update without reaching the final state.The most famous is EIP-1.