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Author: 100Y.ETH Source: Mirror Translation: Shan Ouba, Bit Chain Vision Realm
In the past, a purple PEPE Wizard came to the village in Ethereum …
1. Lost Ethereum Village
A long time ago, in a small village called Ethereum, a group of green PEPE lived.In this prosperous kingdom, high decentralization and strong security have promoted the prosperity of the village and the economy is prosperous.
The villagers are deeply influenced by these principles. They regularly pass the leaders of the equity election of equity to supervise the transaction block every twelve seconds to maintain the village’s active economy.However, today’s Ethereum village is no longer the glory of the year, and the rampant virus is raging, which causes great vitality in the village.The green PEPEs in the village hurried, and the village became a depression.
However, there are still some green PEPE dreams of revival in the village. They proposed the “L2 reform”, hoping to make Ethereum a refreshing vitality.Through their efforts, the village has gradually recovered a little prosperity, and the scale of the event has reached an unprecedented height. The green PEPE’s lives have once again glowing with vitality.
However, L2 reform has not completely solved the problem.Although neighboring Solana and SUI villages are still young and often unstable, they have developed rapidly under the unprecedented scientific revolution. Complex financial transactions have become simple and smooth.There are rumors that have been relocated to these emerging villages in the village.
At this moment, a purple PEPE wizard appeared in the village of Ethereum.
2. The arrival of the purple PEPE wizard
The PEPE wizard of the purple robe was determined to build a new village called Monad with a deep regret for the loss of the Ethereum village.
One day, he stood on the square in the village, announced to the green PEPE the grand plan for establishing Monad, and invited them to express their expectations and dreams for the future.
Green PEPE 1 first speaks: “I hope Monad’s life can be like Ethereum. Although Ethereum lacks the scalability of Solana or SUI, its culture is unique. I have never thought about leaving because the culture of other places and us are we in other places.The difference is too big “
Green PEPE 2 also added: “It is important to maintain the continuity of lifestyle and culture, but I also hope that it can be as efficient as other villages. Although Ethereum is safe, it seems that it is powerless for those projects that pursue speed and flexibility.”” “
The wizards listened to their expectations and promised to integrate the rich culture of Ethereum in Monad, and at the same time have scalability of Solana and SUI.He began to think about how to show strong magic to achieve this vision: a village that retains the Ethereum tradition and has new technology efficiency.
Subsequently, he shared this grand vision with PEPEs who desire to change, inspiring their hope of a new life with both advantages.
3. Secret 1: Delayed execution
One of the restrictions on the expansion of Ethereum villages is that each time a new block is created, the transaction must be processed in real time during the consensus process.In this village, the leaders of the proposal block must calculate the results of all transactions before the proposal, and the verification nodes of receiving blocks also need to calculate all transactions to verify the legitimacy of the block and vote.
Because the consensus process requires the calculation and communication of the villagers, this greatly reduces the time of dealing with the transaction, thereby limiting scalability.In order to solve this problem, the purple PEPE wizard exhibited a new magic called “delayed execution” to separate the “consensus” process of villagers’ transactions (that is, transaction sorting) from the “execution” process (calculation result).
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In simple terms, no need to consensively and execute at the same time at the same time, but when the consensus of the n block is carried out, the execution processs the transaction results in the N-1 block.
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This method enables the execution to use a complete block time, which greatly increases the number of transactions that can be processed in the same time.
Advanced secret: delay Merkle root
In Ethereum villages, nodes will be calculated before consensus to ensure the legitimacy of the block.However, in the delayed execution system of Monad, the consensus and execution are separated, and malicious nodes may ignore the previously confirmed transaction or tampering calculation status.
To prevent this, Monad embeds the Merkle root (indicating the calculation results of the N-10 block) into the proposal of the N block.If more than two-thirds of nodes reach consensus on the N block, it means that the calculation results of the N-10 block are also confirmed.
If the calculation result of a node in the N-10 block does not match the Merkle root in the N block, the node will be removed from the consensus and starts in the N block.This ten -block Merkle root delays ensure that any calculation error can be tested in time.
It is worth noting that Monad’s block time is 1 second, but this does not mean that Monad’s final certainty takes 10 seconds.With Monad’s unique MonadBFT system, the final certainty of a single block can be achieved within 1 second.
4. Secret technique 2: trading hash
The purple PEPE wizard is thinking hard, how can the leaders in the village quickly spread the block proposal to other nodes.
In Ethereum villages, it is used to use a complete block proposal, including all transactions, and spread on the Internet as a huge package.However, the wizard realized that if Monad village also adopts this method, the broadcast proposal containing a large number of transactions will be a difficult and slow task.
To this end, the purple PEPE wizard proposed the concept of “trading hash”.As all villagers submitted transactions have spread on the Internet, each node retains the trading records of Monad Village in its own trading pool.
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The wizard uses this to allow leaders to pass complete trading lists in each block proposal.Instead, the leaders only need to quote these transactions and send hash values.
In this way, Monad’s block proposal remains compact, including the hash value of each transaction.When receiving the proposal, other nodes only need to compare these hash values with the transactions in their records to easily find the referenced transaction.
5. Secrets 3: MonadBFT
In the Monad village, the consensus sequence and block generating consensus in each block are governed by MonadBFT, which is a high -performance consensus mechanism based on HotStuff.The two -stage Byzantine Mistake Ether Algorithm (BFT) can reach a consensus within two steps.
The leaders of the block are determined by the pledge share of each participant through probability.In Monad, the creation process of each block is more efficient than Ethereum Village, because the proposal of each block N is passed with the statutory certificate (QC) of the previous block N-1, indicating that more than two-thirds of the three-thirds of which are more than two-thirds.The node has verified the block.
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The following is the process of development:
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Leader N released the proposal of block N, which is also attached to the QC of the previous block N-1.
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The verifications subsequently verified the block N and sent their voting to the leader N+1.
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Leader N+1 released a proposal for block N+1, and at the same time attached QC of block N.
However, even with QC N, the verifications cannot immediately finalize the block N, because the essence of the blockchain cannot ensure that all participants are online.
To fully ensure the security of block N, the verifications need to send the “consent” of the block N+1 (which contains QC N) to the leader N+2.When the leader N+2 is generated QC N+1, this confirms the success of the N+1 round, so that the block n is finalized.
Through excellent witchcraft and vision, the purple PEPE wizard led the Monad village into a new era.In this village, each block can not only create and ensure security quickly, but also elegant process, in line with a village vision of truly scalable and win -win cooperation.
6. Secrets 4: Performance in parallel
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In the field of Monad, in order to deal with a large number of villagers’ transactions, the purple PEPE Witcher designed a new spell that made the transaction not handled by the Ethereum village, but was treated with strong parallel flow.
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With the help of delay execution, it will only begin to implement after the consensus sequence of the block is reached.Monad village is composed of many skilled executors. Everyone is responsible for dealing with transactions, independently calculated its input and output, and creates a list of treatment.
These inputs and outputs do not immediately change the state of the village, but wait in the form of suspended magic, and are preparing to submit in the order determined by consensus.This submission involves merging the output one by one to the current state, just like the magic line weaves a seamless and orderly tapestry.
However, things have changed.The possibility of transaction conflict is introduced in parallel -this is rare in orderly Ethereum villages, but it is a new challenge here.
For example, if a transaction (transaction B) shows that the villagers A gift 1 ETH to the villagers B, and another transaction (transaction C) shows that the small hotel in the village spends this ETHEssenceIf trading C tries to execute before transaction B, the transaction will fail.In these cases, conflict transactions will be re -arranged, and transaction C waits for transaction B to be executed again.
Therefore, in Monad, the core of the parallel execution is the sequence: the result is calculated in parallel, but the status update is merged in accurate order required.
7. Secrets 5: Monaddb
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Purple Pepe Wizard did not stop there.He changed Monaddb, which is the unique custom database of Monad Village, which is specially used to store the blockchain.Ethereum depends on the complex Merkle Patricia Trie. This structure is famous for its elasticity, but it is also known for its inefficiency on external clients. MonaddB uses it natively, making full use of its entire function and efficiencyEssence
MonaddB fully considers the parallel execution of the village during design, supports multiple reads and writing at the same time, and has a high accuracy.Unlike the completion of each task, it can only be transferred to the traditional database of the next task. Monaddb has asynchronous I/O magic, allowing the task to seamlessly overlap, opening the door for the real parallel transaction processing.
8. Come and visit Monad Village!
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Through a series of wonderful spells and complex magic, the purple PEPE Wizard created Monad Village -here, Ethereum’s credible accounts, encryption technology, trading formats, language and wallets, and SUI and SUI are incredible.Easily fusion of scalability.Now, Monad is booming, dreaming of 10,000 transactions per second and completion within 1 second.
Can the Monad village born in wisdom and hope be saved the world plagued by the MEME virus and helped Ethereum to gain glory, becoming a trusted partner?Only time can tell us the answer.
