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Background introduction
On April 10, A16Z Crypto released a zero -knowledge solution Jolt to accelerate and simplify the expansion of the blockchain.
Jolt integrates Snark (non -interactive simple zero knowledge certificate), which allows developers to quickly create SNARK -based L2 solutions.The team also said that Jolt was twice as fast as the current ZKVMS.
ZK technology is one of the main lines of the encrypted industry throughout the cycle. ZK-Rollup is called a long-term solution for Ethereum expansion by Vitalik.A16Z was officially released from Jolt in August last year to this year, which shows thatZK-Rollup is still the long-slope thick snow track.
ZK-Rollup has many players entering the game, and has formed a more subdivided technology category to distinguish the differences between projects. Compatibility with EVM is the most representative classification standard.
Due to historic reasons, EVM has a large number of unreasonable design. However, a large number of existing projects were built based on EVM in the early days, and ZK-Rollow was also regarded as future capacity expansion solutions. Therefore, most of the ZK-Rollup projectsThey are naturally facing the balance of more compatible EVM or more compatible with ZK.
The ZKM hatched by Metis DAO is from a more bottom -level perspective, and proposes a universal ZKMIPS solution.
ZKMIPS uses a more bottom-layer MIPS instruction set to implement the program execution process to ZKP conversion. In addition to compatible EVM, it can be compatible with other VMs, such as Movevm and RustVM, allowing ZK-Rollow to open the door to more developers.
This article will deeply interpret the efforts and progress of Metis on ZK and decentralized Sequence.
ZKM and Hybrid Rollups: harmony between OP and ZK
Metis can achieve bright performance in the market. It is inseparable from its innovative Hybrid Rollups mechanism. It is about to combine fraud certification and effective proof, so as to have the advantages of both.
ZKM’s ZKMIPS technology provides solid compatibility support for Metis’s Hybrid Rollups, allowing Metis to achieve organic fusion of ZK and EVM.
2.1 The mechanism and advantages of hybrid rollups
In Hybrid Rollups, the key role includes:
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Sequencer: Responsible for receiving and handling user transactions, determining the best order of transactions, and publishing them to consensus and data availability layers.
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PROPOSERS: Evaluate transactions and status roots submitted by Sequency, recorded in the State Commission Chain (SCC).
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VERIFIERS: Verify the status root on the ROLLUP chain to ensure the correctness of the transaction and prevent fraud.
In the standard L2 solution, Sequence collected and handled the transaction, and then published the transaction data to the Ethereum main network (L1).This process requires L1 to verify and confirm the final data to ensure security and consistency.
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(Source: https://mirror.xyz/msfew.eth/wqjaocfkkptozlns8MBQACS4OEPROACTNLANALVW)
Hybrid Rollups adopts a mixed method during processing and optimization of L2 transactions. The specific steps are as follows:
1. The initiative and processing of transactions:
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Users initiate transactions in L2.
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Sequencer received and handled these transactions to determine the order in the standard trading chain (CTC).
2. Status submission and verification:
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PROPOSERS evaluates the state root to SCC after the transaction.
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Verifiers reviews the status root in the SCC to ensure that it is accurate.
3. The generation and verification of zero knowledge proof:
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Prover reads data from L1 and generates ZK to prove that this is the key feature of Hybrid Rollups, allowing the system to verify the effectiveness of transactions without leaking specific transaction content.
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Once the ZK is proved to be generated, if it is not submitted on time, Verifier will start the fraud proof process and may punish Sequencer.
4. The final confirmation of data and status:
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Through smart contracts, once ZK proves that it is verified, the transaction is finalized.
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L1 and L2 are connected through the smart contract bridge to ensure the security transfer of funds and status.
Hybrid Rollups design provides multiple significant advantages:
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Efficiency and cost benefits: By using ZK proves, Hybrid Rollups can deal with more transactions while consuming less GAS.
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Enhanced security: Combined with traditional fraud proof and ZK proof, even when encountering potential malicious behaviors, it can ensure the security and correctness of transactions.
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Scalability: Using recursive proof, Hybrid Rollups can handle large -scale transactions without sacrificing performance and support wider blockchain applications.
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Compatibility and flexibility: Support multiple smart contracts and programming languages, so that developers can easily migrate existing applications to Hybrid Rollups.
2.2 How to achieve a good ZK compatibility
The core idea of ZK is to convert the program execution process into a mathematical certificate that can be simply verified, so that everyone can easily verify the correctness of the program execution without repeated execution of the program.Relatively stable mathematical proof.
Developers usually use advanced languages to develop programs, while different high -level languages use different logic “dialogue” with hardware.
Therefore, the implementation path of existing ZK projects is usually incompatible.Scroll directly write circuits for each operating code of EVM, achieving an equivalent of the operating code level, which accurately reflects the EVM, but it brings a huge amount of engineering;
Polygon ZKEVM creates a custom VM with optimized performance, which directly converts the EVM bytecode to the byte code of VM to achieve the equivalent of the operation code level more efficiently.Leaves from EVM;
ZKSYNC created its own VM (Syncvm), and defined its own intermediate representation (AIR) based on the register, and then built a special compiler to make yul (a intermediate language that can be compiled into different EVM versions of wordsThe code code is considered to be a lower-level solidity) compiled into LLVM-IR, and then compiled it into a custom VM instruction, thereby achieving Solidity-level compatibilityThe conversion between intercourse may also need to re -audit procedures;
Starknet gives up EVM compatibility and uses its own low -level language (Cairo) to run custom smart contract VM (cairo VM) to obtain extreme ZK efficiency.
Compared to the solution of the above project, ZKM chose a more tolerant road: ZKMIPS.
MIPS, called “Microprocessor with Interlocked Pipeline Stages”, is a simple -designed microprocessor instruction set, which began in 1985.
The basic principle of MIPS is to simplify the complex microprocessor instructions to the most basic form. This not only improves the processing speed, but also reduces the complexity when performing the program.
In the ZKMIPS system, this instruction set is used to realize the conversion of the program to ZK.
The implementation process of ZKMIPS is as follows:
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Program to MIPS conversion: First, smart contracts or programs written by advanced programming language (such as Solidity or Rust) are compiled into MIPS instruction sets.This step is to convert higher levels of abstraction into specific operations that can be performed at the hardware level.
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Generate ZK proof: Subsequently, these MIPS instructions are used to generate corresponding zero -knowledge proof.Due to the simplified characteristics of MIPS, this step is more efficient in computing, which can generate proof faster without sacrificing security.
ZKMIPS’s advantage
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Compatibility: ZKMIPS not only supports EVM compatible Solidity, but also supports other mainstream development languages such as Rust and Move.This allows ZKMIPS to serve a wider range of blockchain development ecosystems, thereby bringing more application possibilities.
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Cost benefits: Due to the efficiency of the MIPS instruction set, ZKMIPS can significantly reduce the calculation cost when generating zero -knowledge proof and increase the overall sustainability of the system.
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Recursive proof: ZKMIPS supports recursive proof that multiple proofs can aggregate a more easy management unit, which is very important to improve the scalability of the system.
In fact, the advantages of MIPS have been integrated by Optimism and other projects.Optimism’s Cannon mechanism is to convert the executed programs into MIPS, so as to facilitate the execution process to find errors and re -execute more simple and efficiently when the execution process is challenged.
Metis also followed up this trend and integrated Cannon into its ecosystem, which also further verified the practicality and efficiency of ZKMIPS technology.
Decentralization Sequence: decentralization and sustainability
In addition to using Hybrid Rollups to integrate the advantages of OP and ZK, Metis also actively pushed into the landing of decentralization Sequencer to set an outcome of decentralized for Rollup.
In the traditional Rollup model, although a single Sequencer can effectively handle transactions and data, it also focuses on great power, which may lead to multiple risks:
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Operation risk: If the Sequencer fails or is attacked, the transaction processing of the entire system will be blocked.
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Examination risk: Sequencer has the ability to selectively handle or refuse transactions, which may limit users to accessing specific decentralized finance (DEFI) protocols or services.
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Manipulation risk: In the transaction sorting, Sequence may give priority to handling its own transactions, and obtain unfair benefits by increasing transaction costs, that is, maximum extraction value (MEV).
In order to solve the above problems, Metis has designed a decentralized Sequence pool, which consists of multiple Sequenceer nodes to jointly complete the transaction aggregation, sorting and execution.This design ensures the fairness and transparency of the system:
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Consensus mechanism: More than two -thirds of the Sequencer node must reach a consensus on the status of each new block, and then the transaction batch can be submitted to Ethereum main network (L1).
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Multi -Party Calculation (MPC) signature: Before the transaction batches are submitted to L1, the authenticity of the batch is verified by the MPC signature to ensure that the data is correct.
The advantage of decentralization Sequencer:
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增强安全性：通过多个节点共同决策，降低了单点失败的风险，增加了网络的鲁棒性和安全性。
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降低审查和操纵的可能性：多个 Sequencer 的存在使得单一节点难以操纵或审查交易，保护了用户的交易自由。
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稳定性和冗余：系统支持 Sequencer 的平滑轮换，最小化了故障或中断的影响，提高了整个网络的稳定性。
在 Metis 的去中心化 Sequencer 模型中，每个节点都由几个关键组件组成：
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L2 Geth（包括OP-Node）：负责交易排序和区块组装。
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适配器模块：作为与其他外部模块（主要是PoS节点）交互的中介。
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批次提交者（Proposer）：负责构建交易批次并在获得多个 Sequencer 的认可后提交到 L1。
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PoS节点：在以太坊、共识和 Metis 层之间进行协调，确保资产的安全锁定并奖励验证者。
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共识层：包含一组与以太坊主网并行运行的 Tendermint PoS 节点，保证操作效率而不妨碍主网的进程。
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（来源：https://ethresear.ch/t/pos-sequencer-pool-decentralizing-an-optimistic-rollup/16760）
Through this design, Metis’s decentralized Sequency pool not only improves the fairness and transparency of transaction processing, but also enhances the security and stability of the network through decentralized power. These are all credible and sustainable blockchain ecosystems.系统的关键要素。
Summary and outlook
Metis’s advantages in technology and concepts have created a solid foundation for the further development of the future.Its Hybrid Rollups based on ZKMIPS is expected to solve compatibility with ZK-Rollup, and has always brought more diverse developer ecology;
The advancement of decentralized Sequencer shows the vision of team pursuing decentralization.With the continuous maturity of Metis’s ecology, we have reason to believe that Metis will become continuously running dark horses in the future L2 competition, creating a steady stream of value for users and developers.
