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Author: Victor-Cristian Florea, Outlier Ventures; Translation: 0xjs@作 作 作 作 作
introduction
Although blockchain technology has existed for a while and the market has grown sharply in the past ten years, the entry process that solves the current high friction is the key to market expansion that transforms native encryption transactions into mainstream concepts.Fortunately, new paradigms such as account abstraction can encourage the large -scale use of cryptocurrencies by simplifying the entry and usage process of temporary users’ blockchain technology.
The abstraction of the ERC-4337 account is aimed at EVM developers, allowing the creation of non-hosting wallets as smart contracts, unlocking wallets to easily recover, no signature transactions and team wallets.The key innovation of this standard is to be able to create smart account independently. It can be traded without separate external ownership accounts (EOA) or contract accounts.Intelligent accounts use Useroperations, which represents the operation of the user.These user operations are bundled, verified, and executed through a single entry point, which allows various customs in terms of management accounts and funds.
Innovatives such as SAFE, Near Wallet, Argent, and Blocko are already using this new smart contract function. ERC-4337 is a standardized end point, but there is still work to do.The main participants in this field have designed account abstract variants suitable for specific needs and different blockchain ecosystems, thereby providing a large number of SDK and libraries that can be selected.
Account abstraction case
Before entering technology, let’s outline the most interesting cases. In these cases, account abstraction has brought significant improvements. All of them help improve the entry experience of Web3, especially for non -local users.
1. Wallet recovery
One of the biggest problems in the crypto industry is security, and users must either rely on the custodian or protect their keys.In the field of intelligent accounts, security is different from traditional models, avoiding dependence on helping words or private keys.Smart account owners can specify multiple entities (equipment, individuals or third -party services) as wallet guardians.
This innovative function ensures a strong security network for users who face the loss of vouchers, and the guardian can sign a transaction to allocate new access vouchers.It is important that this recovery process gives priority to users’ control and ownership of assets, and a subtle balance between security and accessible.This complex framework foreshadows the new era of digital asset management, and elasticity and user control are greatly enhanced.
2. Batch transactions
In the decentralized exchange, tokens exchange usually involves two separate transactions. Each transaction requires users to approve through the private key signature, and complicated Web3 transactions may require three or more approval.Smart accounts introduce a breakthrough solution that allows users to handle multiple transactions in batches, reduce user costs, and simplify DEFI transactions in the way we expect in Web2 applications.A good example of this specific case is Ambire Wallet, which uses AA to enable batch transactions for its users.Although the cost of performing one operation is high compared to the use of an external account (EOA), the price of each transaction will be greatly reduced when multiple transactions.
3. Sponsor user transaction
The account abstraction also introduces the concept of Paymasters, which is a smart contract designed for GAS costs specifically for sponsorship transactions.This brings a new level of customization to DAPP. They can now accept any tokens in the user wallet as a transaction fee, can use bank cards for fiat currency payment, and even subsidize all the amount, so as to create seamless experience for users, improve the user experience for user experience, improve the user experienceAnd eliminate unnecessary friction points.A good example is Sendit from Arcana Network. This is a small protocol that allows to send cryptocurrencies to anyone via email.account.Another important purpose of this specific case is VISA’s proposal, that is, allowing users to use the fiat currency card to pay the GAS fee on the chain, as shown in the figure below.
Retelling digital transactions through account abstraction
Retelling digital transactions through account abstraction
4. Automated transaction
Unlike EOA, each transaction on DAPP needs to be manually started or signature, and smart accounts introduce the possibility of automation.Through smart accounts, users can set various parameters, including access to specific tokens, expenditure restrictions, duration, GAS restrictions, and predefined triggers of specific operations.For example, users want to allow DEX to perform a exchange for every 15 minutes in the next hour: signature, and the transaction will occur automatically afterwards.This execution can be seen on COWSWAP. COWSWAP is a decentralized exchange that provides TWAP transactions, which disperse the required user operations to the part of the execution for a period of time.The potential of intelligent account automation is almost unlimited, providing users with customized and efficient levels that exceed the traditional EOA limit.
Technical component
There are many ways to use this technology. You can start your own internal components (Figure 1). You can also use SDK or libraries to use existing infrastructure maintained by other participants in the field.We list various entry options, and we will further explore the use cases and advantages of using specific solutions.
No matter which implementation method you choose when you use your account abstraction, it is important to understand its key elements.Useroperations is an object of a transaction, which represents the user’s intent to transaction to the smart contract account.Unlike traditional transactions, Useroperations has introduced additional fields, such as Entrypoint, Bundler, Paymaster, and Aggregator, and is directed to a separate memory pool.It is worth noting that Useroperatives is based on intention, allowing users to include metadata with result -centered transactions, which deviates from the particularity of traditional input.
The following key components are called Bundler, which is a special type of Ethereum node, which plays a key role in supporting UserOperations.The user’s operation is directed to the Bundler network, which actively monitor the alternative memory pool.These Bundler merged multiple Useroperations into a transaction, and then packed them on behalf of the user to the blockchain.As the return of this service, they get compensation.Their significance is to abstract the necessity of each participant in Web3’s own external account (EOA), which is a key component of the ERC-4337 function.
UserOperations is then sent to Entrypoint Contract, which is a Singleton smart contract that is used to execute the verification and execution of UserOperations.The verification process involves evaluating whether the wallet has enough funds to pay the potential maximum GAS usage. The maximum GAS usage is determined by the GAS field in Userop.Lack of sufficient funds will be rejected.In order to execute, smart contracts execute transactions, deduct funds from the smart contract account (SCA), and use the appropriate native token amount to repay the GAS cost of Bundler.
In some cases, developers want to represent the user’s sponsorship of the GAS fee, or allow them to use various tokens other than native token to pay these fees.To this end, they can use a contract called Paymaster, which aims to manage the GAS payment policy.This effectively eliminates the requirements for users to have the interaction between the native blockchain token and the blockchain.
Different AA tools exercises
1. No SDK solution
As mentioned above, the use of account abstraction function requires some key elements, and some other elements are still available.If you don’t want to rely on a third -party AA solution, you can run your own settings and fully control and control the smart contracts and processes involved in the custody.For Ethereum, there are many proposal solutions. Among them, ETH-INFINITISM has the most popular solutions in smart account contracts, Entry Point contracts and Paymasters.In addition to deploying these contracts and correctly funding, it also needs to run a Bundler, which will receive user operations and redirect it to the Entry Point contract.In order to help developers, community members have developed solutions, and only need to use simple NPM packages to set up account abstraction locally in the Hardhat environment.
Due to the heavy work required for all infrastructure, most people choose to rely on various libraries and companies, which provide ready -made solutions and abstract all complexity from developers.
2.pimlico and Permitles.js
If you want to use the JavaScript library to add account abstraction to the application, the most effective solution is Permission Less.js.It is built on VIEM and allows developers to use the AA kit, Bundler and Paymaster API provided by Pimlico to build high -customized and modular applications. All these support more than 20 EVM compatibility chains.Assuming that the smart account and transaction data have been created, the following is how to use Permissionless.js and PIMLICO accounts to abstract SDK to send transactions:
const txhash = await smartaccoundClient.Sendtransaction ({
To: “0xd8DA6BF26964AF9D7EED9E03E53415D37AA96045”,
Value: PARSEETHER (“0.1”),
maxFeepergas: Gasprices.fast.maxfeeeepergas,
maxpriorityfeeeeeeeeegas: Gasprices.fast.maxpriorityfeeepergas,
});
3. Alchemy account kit
Alchemy’s account toolkit is one of the most friendly account abstraction tools for developers.Similar to other solutions, in addition to AA-SDK, Alchemy also provides Light Account solutions. This is a simple intelligent account interface, a Bundler API, and a Gas Manager solution that uses its own Paymaster contract to allow the development of development.Personnel sponsor the user’s operation or allows users to use ERC-20 token when paying GAS costs.Assuming that the smart account and transaction data have been created, the following is how you use Achemy’s account tool package to send transactions and retrieve trading hash:
const useroperation = await smartaccountClient.SENDUSEROPATION ({{
UO: {
target: “0Xtarget_address”,
Data: UOCALLDATA,
},
});
const txhash = await smartaccountClient.waitForuseoperationtransaction (UO);
4. Biconomy SDK
When using account abstraction for construction, the BICONOMY SDK provides the most features.They allow developers to customize various functions, set up multiple signature configurations for smart contract accounts, and provide Bundler and Paymaster services.Its function is highly modular and has unique functions compared to competitors.It allows developers to create a group of gateways supported by a set of constraints, so that specific SCA transactions can occur, and signatures do not need to sign each transaction.This special feature enhances the user experience and lays the foundation for applications for blockchain operations in the background. At the same time, users are experiencing a complete Web2 journey.BICONOMY’s AA solution is one of the most popular solutions in this field. Its SDK has dealt with 25 million yuan transactions to help the Web3 field attract 2.8 million users.Assuming that the smart account and transaction data have been created, the following is how you use the BICONOMY SDK to send transactions and search for the trading hash:
const useresponse = await smartWallet.sendtransaction ({{
To: Toaddress,
Data: TransactionData,
});
const {transactionhash} = await useropresponse.waitFortxhash ();
in conclusion
All in all, although the idea of account abstraction has existed for a while, it has been limited to help developers use its documents and tools on a large scale.Nevertheless, it is still one of the largest milestones in Web3 development, and provides a foundation for new and exciting cases.
Although the current account abstraction function is mainly needed to rely on third parties, the modular paradigm and the decentralization of ecosystems encourage more and more developers to integrate some of them into their applications and even build their own tools– Establishing a smart contract and linked utilities to use this exciting new technology.It still needs to simplify the entry of users and contribute to the large -scale adoption of cryptocurrencies. Account abstract is the best tool for meeting this demand at present. It allows projects to use blockchain technology without the user’s knowledge.
