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In the market, the DA (DATA Availability) project has sprung up like rain. The projects with strong competitiveness are CELESTIA, EIGENLAYER, Avail, Nearda, and COVALENT.
According to the analysis of Huobi Research Institute, the DA of the core content is not so difficult.The simplest stand -alone can be used as a DA. The most complicated, such as Celestia, use the sample mode to be centralized.Simply put, DA is storage, occupying a high cost.If you are not strictly required to take the Ether -level security service, which DA choice is a measure between cost and safety.
The most important principle of using the DA layer is that the greater the value of the value, the DA should be as safe as possible.
This research report is the analysis of the background, ecology and follow -up of the Data Availability War, including the inventory and sorting of DA and DA projects in the eyes of V God.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the DA track, Huobi Research Institute believes that the future DA may be decentralized. In the future, 7-8 major DAs in the market may be enough.
1. 1.Data availability data availability problem occurs
1.1What is DA
In simple terms, data usability means that the block producer publishes all the transaction data of the block into the network.In order to make the verificationrs downloadEssenceIf a block producer publishes complete data and uses the verificationYou can download it, we just say that data is available; If itAfter concealing some data to make the verifications unable to download the complete data, we said that the data is unavailable.
1.2Two key points of the DA problem: safety and cost
Therefore, combined with the definition of DA, we see that the DA contains the following two aspects:
The first is to ensure that the verification mechanism is safely carried out, and the other is to reduce the cost of publishing data.
InMake sure that the verification mechanism is safely carried out
In order to make the verification safe, the current L2 sorter (Sequence) generally publishes the status data and transaction data of L2 inEthereum with strong securityOn the top, rely on Ethereum for settlement and obtain data availability.
Therefore, the data availability layer is actually where L2 releases transaction data. At present, the mainstream L2 will be used as the data availability layer.
InReduce the cost of publishing data
L2 simply occurs data availability and settlement on Ethereum. Although it has enough security, it also bear huge costs.This is also the second problem facing L2, that is, how to reduce the cost of publishing data.
2.The cost composition in DA & amp; cost reduction and efficiency direction
From the introduction of Chapter 1, we see that an important issue in DA is how to reduce costs.
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If you want to make the overall cheaper of L2, you must reduce the cost of publishing data.So, how to reduce costs?There are two main methods:
InReduce the cost of publishing data on L1, such as EIP-4844 upgrades that Ethereum is about to be performed.
InImproved Rollup to peel the transaction from L1, and the data usability can also be stripped from L1 to reduce costs, that is, not using Ethereum as the data availability layer
Therefore, all parties have made a lot of efforts to reduce costs.Judging from the current DA solution, the cost of NEAR DA is the lowest, about $ 0.0016/block. Followed by Celestia, Engenlayer, EIP4844, etc.
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3..Va in the eyes of God
3.1The solution of not using the Ethereum DA is not the real layer2-the first counterattack of the Ethereum Foundation and V God
After the Celestia fire, V God hinted that “the Layer2 project of Ethereum must use Data Availability on ETH”.Subsequently, Dankrad Feist, a member of the Ethereum Foundation, also made a statement.He pointed out that it is not rollup or Ethereum Layer2 that does not use ETH as a DA layer (data availability layer).
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In this case, both Arbitrum Nova and Mantle must be “except name” from the Layer2 list, because they only disclose trading data outside ETH (chain named DAC).
At the same time, Dankrad also stated that the solution that does not require data availability such as Plasmas and status channels does not require data availability to ensure safety is still Layer2, but Validium (zkrollup does not use ETH as DA layer) is not Layer2.
3.2Use the non-Ethereum as a DA, then it is the compromise of the Ethereum Validium-V God
Then V God said in a reply from his Twitter stream, “Being A Validium is a Correct Choice for Many Apps, and using good distributed DA Guarantee Systems can be a good way to increase security of a validium “
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At the same time, he believes that the core of Rollup is the unconditional security guarantee: even if everyone is the enemy of you, you can take out your assets.If data usability depends on external systems, this guarantee cannot be obtained.
3.3About ENS and Data Availability — V God wants to collect the control of DA through ENS
ENS domain name service defines a set of interactive logic. Users only need to enter a short domain name to automatically connect to the affiliated chief address corresponding to the ENS intelligent contract, which solves the pain points of complex and difficult to remember the EOA address.It should be said that this set of domain names of ENS points to the future expansion market with a larger user traffic, especially the user group of some Mass Adoption.Layer2 is the future of Ethereum expanded and absorb large flow.
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V God believesIf the domain name analysis scheme of ENS cannot be covered to Layer2, it only stays at the Ethereum main network level, and it is difficult to open the imagination space.Based on this background, V God explained the importance of ENS in Twitter, “It Needs to Be Affordable!”.S will naturally consider providing a set of data analysis solutions for Layer2, so that users can directly conduct domain name analysis and data finding on Layer2 to reduce their dependence on their respectively.
It is not difficult to see that users need to use the domain name of ENS normally on Layer2, premise that they need to call and verify the global data on the Ethereum main network.This means that you must enjoy the service of ENS.And those Layer2, which is based on OP Stack to send chain shortcuts and placed DA on a third -party DA platform such as Celestia, cannot be compatible with ENS.At this point, it is not difficult to understand the purpose of Vitalik.In short, the depth of V God is to use ENS to set a set of interactive operating standard standards for the Layer2 platform, and at the same time collect DA control.
3.4V God talks about Plasma Return
Vitalik’s article said that Ethereum’s 2 -layer expansion scheme originally included: Plasma, Rollup, Validium, Parallel and other solutions.The expansion direction in Vitalik’s expectations should be balanced development, which is suitable for the construction of various application scenarios for diversified layer2 construction, but the real market pattern is that the Rollup solution is unique and increasingly internal.
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b. Plasma is equivalent to a side chain solution. It will regularly synchronize Merkel status data to the main network.In this way, the 2nd floor can be used in a very centralized way, and the design is very complicated to expand efficiently. It can also reuse the system capabilities of the main network Validator.Vitalik’s new article re -moved out of Plasma, and guided a expansion solution of ZK+Plasma. Obviously it was a Layer2 political flag.
3.5summary
The various operations of the above V god are summarized:
DA’s demand is too strong, but he does not want to divide the market to Celestia.Let’s talk about security first, and sacrifice ENS. In the end, I found that the market does not pay for it. There are still many people who use the first party DA. I simply say that you use Validium to count. In a few days, the old Plasma deliberately guides the market to go to go to go to the market.ZK+Plasma Explore.From its original perspective, it is to constantly pull the DA market on Ethereum.
4. 4..DA solution sort out with each DA project
4.1DA solution
From the above content, we can see that there are many solutions for the DA layer.From the big direction, it can be divided into two large parts of the chain and under the chain.
InChain solution
It refers to L2 still use Ethereum as a DA layer, and rely on Ethereum to reduce data availability costs.This means that Ethereum will be used as a real -time announcement board in the future. The data on the board will be deleted after a period of time. L2 must find a way to store backup of all data.
InChain solution
That is, the Ethereum is no longer regarded as a DA layer, and the data availability is obtained in a more economical way.Depending on the decentralization and security, the linked solutions can be divided into four types: Validium, Data Availability Committee (DAC), Volition, and General DA solutions.
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4.2Celestia
Celestia is the originator of the Modern Public Chain. It is developed based on COSMOS SDK and focuses on data availability.It is a strong DA leader project that is currently online.
InTechnical characteristics
· Data availability sampling (DAS)
DAS can verify data usability without downloading the entire block.Because the light node cannot verify the availability of the block header, CELESTIA uses the two-dimensional RS deletion code coding scheme (2-Dimensional Reed-Solomon Encoding Scheme) to reintermine the block data to achieve the light node DAS.The working principle of data availability sampling (DAS) is to allow light nodes to carry out multiple rounds of random sampling of small parts of data.With the light nodes, the data sampling of more rounds of data increases the confidence of data available.Once the light node successfully reaches the predetermined level (such as 99 %), it is considered to be available.
· Namespaced Merkle Trees (NMT)
NMT only downloads transactions related to the execution layer and settlement layer on Celestia.Celestia divides the data in the block into multiple naming spaces. Each name space corresponds to applications such as ROLLUP on CELESTIA. Each application only needs to download data related to its own data to improve network efficiency.
· Celestia mainly obtains income from the application in two ways:
· Payment Blob Space fee: Rollup is paid using $ TIA and published data to Celestia’s Blob Space.
· Payment GAS fee: Developers use $ TIA as the GAS tokens of Rollup, similar to ETH based on Ethereum Rollup.
InDevelopment potential
· The project has been launched, and the technical maturity is high
· The potential rich airdrop, the pledge of $ TIA. For example, the project Dymension and Altlayer’s airdrop objects will choose the pledgee of $ TIA.Take a similar airdrop route.
· Ecological richness: cooperate with cross -chain bridge, settlement layer scheme, DEFI project, game, sorter and other.
The DA cooperation projects have continued to increase, and the partners include Manta, Eclipse, Caldera, Snapchain.At the same time, it also integrated with Arbitrum Orbit, integrated with Polygon CDK, and integrated with the AEVO derivative trading platform.
4.3EIGENDA
EIGENLAYER is a RestAKing protocol based on Ethereum, allowing users to recreate users in other side chains, prophecy machines, middle parts, etc. as nodes and verification rewards. In this way, third -party projects can enjoyAt the security of ETH’s main network, ETH pledges can also get more benefits and achieve a win -win situation.
EIGENDA is a decentralized data availability (DA) service built on Eigenlayer Restaking on Eigenlayer Restaking, and will be the first active verification service (AVS) on EIGENLAYER.Unlike CELESTIA or Avail, EIGENDA does not need to guide new authentication sets. Ethereum verifications can choose to join freely.
InTechnical characteristics:
· Enhance the DA capability of Ethereum: BLOB block data+KZG promise
EIGENDA mobilized the Blob block data after the upgraded Cancun+ KZG commitment that the Rollup chain can delete the CZG promise to the Blob Data and then publish it to the EIGENDA contract.Yu enhanced the DA capability of Ethereum.The point is that the entire process of EIGENDA is completed around BLOB and KZG’s existing infrastructure of Ethereum, and its node verification work is also involved in Validators of Ethereum.
· No autonomous consensus and P2P network
The EIGENDA node must redefine ETH (or more precisely, mortgaged ETH derivatives) in Eigenlayer contracts on Ethereum L1.The EIGENDA node is the subset of the Ethereum verification device.Subsequently, after receiving the data BLOB, the DA buyer (such as Rollup, also known as the dispersion) encoded it with the cornering code, and generated the KZG commitment to publish and distribute it to the node confirmation.After that, the scattered people collected these signatures one by one, generated aggregate signatures, and published them to EIGENDA smart contracts. EIGENDA smart contracts verified the signature.
· Adopt a custody certificate
EIGENDA does not use data availability sampling to verify whether the node really stores data, but uses the hosting proof method to implement.Anyone can submit a certificate to the EIGENDA smart contract that the proof will be verified by a smart contract.If the verification is successful, the inert validator will be cut.
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InDevelopment potential
· Multiple cooperative project parties will compete with Celestia: now integrate multiple L2 projects such as CELO, Mantle, FLUENT, Offshore, OP Stack;
· The diverse ecosystem of Eigenlayer, including sorters, cross -chain bridges, prediction machines, etc.
4.4Other DA projects
4.4.1Avail
Avail can make efficient sorting and records of transactions, provide data storage and data feasibility verification, support the blockchain compatible with the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM), allow ROLLUP to release the data directly to Avail, and its lightnessClient network verification mechanism (will be introduced below) enables Rollup on Avail can verify status through light client network without relying on smart contracts and basic layers.And due to its modularity, developers can store data on Avail and choose other networks for settlement.
· Consensus mechanism: Babe and Grandpa consensus mechanism inherited from Polkadot SDK
· Decentralization:
· Avail uses Polkadot’s nomination equity certificate (NPOS), supports up to 1,000 verification nodes. NPOS also has effective reward distribution to reduce the risk of equity centralization.
· Avail has the ability to sampling data from its P2P network of its light client. This feature provides Avail with an efficient and reliable backup mechanism, which can ensure the availability of data even if it fails.
· Validity proof: Avail uses KZG polynomial commitment
Status: The main network has not yet been launched
4.4.2Near Da
On November 8, 2023, the Near Foundation announced the launch of Near DA layers to provide strong and cost -effective data availability for ETH Rollup and Ethereum developers.The first users include Madara, Caldera, Fluent, Vistara, Dymension Rollapps and Movement Labs.
· Security: Inherit the security of the NEAR network
· Expense advantage: 100KB CALLDATA on NEAR spend $ 0.0033 US dollars
· Status: Near DA has been integrated with Polygon CDK to construct Ethereum ZK Rollups.
4.4.3Covalent
The blockchain data query service platform COVALENT can standardize data from multiple blockchain, and its unified API allows developers to repeat the query on supporting networks, solving the problem that blockchain data is difficult to obtain.
After the upgrade of Cancun, the Ethereum main network only saved the status data submitted by L2 for one month, and it will be discarded afterwards.In order to maintain the decentralization of the network and the establishment of the DAS light node mechanism, Celestia will also regularly discard the status data submitted by L2.However, COVALENT launched the long -term DA service EWM (Ethereum shuttle) at the end of last year to permanently store status data submitted by L2 discarded by Ethereum.COVALENT is responsible for reading L2 status data.
Moreover, COVALENT will integrate these data indexes and structured data API services on the chain of its platform to provide services and support for professional blockchain data websites, government regulatory departments, and artificial intelligence research teams.
· Status: As of December 2023, COVALENT supports a total of more than 210 blockchain and plans to support more than 1,000 blockchain at the end of 2024.According to MESSARI recently released the COVALENT data availability report, COVALENT has billions of data, which is currently the most suitable service to provide services for applications that require universal and widely applicable data.
4.4.4zkporter
ZKPORTER is an Ethereum expansion scheme ZKSYNC launched a linkerable data availability solution for decentralized optimization. It processs data usability by combining the mixed method of ZKrollup and sharding thoughts.ZKPORTER introduced the optional verification mechanism, which was pledged to the tokens by the ZKSYNC token holder and later verified and signed the block.Although ZKPORTER’s products have not disclosed to the outside world for a long time, from the Layer3 application chain GRVT on ZKSYNC, GRVT plans to launch the main network this year, and the project is storage data on ZKPORTER.It will start before.
4.5DA project comparison
Technical aspect:
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Performance:
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Summarize
· The above DA projects, strong and competitive projects are CELESTIA, EIGENLAYER, Avail, and Nearda, and COVALENT does not follow the usual way, which has opened up unique demand for it in DA applications.
· Among all data usability implementation schemes, data availability sampling plus KZG polynomial commitment is the most mainstream solution. It can reduce the cost of node and improve the efficiency of proof while ensuring data usability.
· From a technical perspective, Ethereum Danksharding and Celestia are the most centralized.Because the sampling technology is used, this reduces the performance requirements of the node and can achieve large bandwidth.EIGENDA is also used for sampling, but EIGENDA is parasitic in Ether, and the number of nodes is Ether.Other DA projects should not be available. For example, the degree of decentralization of Nearda is equivalent to the decentralization of Near Protocol.
· Optimistic proved by Celestia’s landing threshold is lower than the KZG polynomial commitment, and the technical maturity is higher. However, the future limit of the technology is not as promised as the KZG polynomial commitment. Compared with the same type of Avail and EIGENDA, Celestia’s development progressAt present, it will be settled earlier, but Celestia will also face Ethereum’s direct competition after the Cancun upgrade.
· As a Layer2 developer, it is nothing more than the TRADEOFF of DA orthodox and the cost of hair chain.DA orthodoxy is relatively passive in the commercial market. It is suitable for some comprehensive Layer2 projects that are more concerned about security consensus, with certain branding and market foundation.Chain, you will try your best to squeeze the cost to minimize.For them, third -party DAs such as Celesitia are naturally a better choice.Eigenlayer still cannot reduce the actual cost of the project party development L2.
· But for the DA -layer project, the scene is single, to B mode, these projects cannot obtain a large amount of liquidity like a comprehensive public chain (such as Solana) to obtain a large amount of liquidity by China Merchants DAPP.If you cannot successfully attract the adoption of many Rollup projects, its ecological construction will weaken.In addition, Celestia does not seem to have a very strong capital promoter. Although its technical narrative itself is Make Sense, it cannot be rooted in the Ethereum ecosystem, and its grand blueprint is likely to become an air tower.
5.DA layer and blockchain modularization
The DA layer has always been there, whether it is BTC, ETH, or solana.For example, in Bitcoin Network, the data is directly stored on the block. 15 years ago, Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper and limited the size of the block to 1MB.The upper limit of transaction data.Later isolation witnesses, TAPROOT, and Ordinal protocols, in fact, to some extent, it is also to enhance the availability of the BTC network.
In the Ethereum network of Pre-4844, the data passed back to Layer1 in Layer2 is stored in CallData. Although Rollup has transferred the computing security to L2, the storage is still in L1. Due to the limited L1 storage capacity, it is limited to Ethereum on the Ethereum on the Ethereum.Rollup capacity.Ethereum Blocksize is about 150k -250K. Even if all spaces are used for ROLLUP, the storage space is limited, which limits the throughput of L2.Therefore, Ethereum uses Proto-DANKSHARDING to enhance data availability by introducing new trading types containing Blobs.
Therefore, it can be said that in fact, the DA layer is accompanied by the expansion needs of each blockchain and the requirements of higher data availability. The abstract layer is the development and evolution of blockchain technology.The refinement of the division of labor in China, while the modular blockchain is decoupled to decide a certain functional hierarchical level in the single blockchain, and the outsourcing is responsible for other blockchain networks, so as to further achieve division of labor and improve efficiency.
Celestia proposes a modular blockchain
The architecture of the traditional overall blockchain is usually composed of four functional layers:
The execution layer -executive layer is mainly responsible for handling transactions and execution of smart contracts.It includes transaction verification, execution and status update.
· Data availability layer -The availability layer in the modular blockchain is responsible for ensuring that the data in the network can be accessed and verified.It usually includes data storage, transmission, and verification functions to ensure the transparency and trust of the blockchain network.
Consensus layer -responsible for the agreement between nodes to realize the consistency of data and transactions in the network.It verifies transactions and creates new blocks through a specific consensus algorithm (such as POW (POW) or equity certificate (POS)).
· Settlement layer -Responsible for completing the final settlement of the transaction to ensure that the transfer and record of assets are permanently preserved on the blockchain, determining the final state of the blockchain.
Celestia first proposes the concept of modular blockchain to dissolve different functional levels from the single blockchain in the middle section, so that the blockchain can focus on the special functions of a certain level and reasonable division of labor to achieve overall availabilitymaximize.
This is not to say that the modularization of the blockchain must have an advantage than the single blockchain, but hopes to use modular thinking to see the future development of the blockchain.Essence
6.Conjecture on the future
6.1Look at the combination of blockchain with a modular vision
In the previous paragraph, it is mentioned that the blockchain modularization can be divided into execution layers, data availability layers, consensus layers, and settlement layers.
Here is an example of Ethereum ecology. The consensus layer is the main chain of Ethereum.
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For Ethereum ecology, the possibility of future modular blockchain is = the number of execution layer schemes * the number of settlement layer schemes * DA layer scheme number
6.2The DA layer will be scattered
The DA layer can have sprung up like rain, and the core content is that DA is not so difficult.The simplest stand -alone can be used as DA, and the most complicated decentralization of samples like Celestia.With the decentralization of the sampling mode, the more nodes, the larger the width and the larger (imagine a P2P movie download network). This one also has a network effect, so I don’t think there will be too many “decentralized sampling DAs of DA in the end”” “.However, there are no restrictions in other forms of DA, and there are countless.
Here we can make an analogy, DA is storage, occupying a high cost.If you are not strictly required to take the Ether -level security service, which DA choice is a measure between cost and safety.
The principle is: the greater the value of the value, the DA should be as safe as possible.
therefore,The future DA may be scatteredEssenceEven so, maybe 7-8 major DAs may be enough.
6.3Ethereum may make a dedicated DA layer in ETH3.0
Ethereum is upgraded from 1.0 to 2.0, and Ethereum is divided into execution layers and consensus layers. The newly introduced BLOBS will also be hung on the consensus layer of the benchmark chain.
In the future, when Ethereum will be upgraded next time, with the advancement of technology and the increase of data availability, Ethereum will be able to load a layer of DA layers on the basis of the execution layer and consensus layer; or, the next time, the next timeDuring the upgrade, a proprietary data storage chain may appear.Of course, this is just conjecture. As for which direction we will develop, we look forward to it together.
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about Us
This speech was written in the Research team under HTX Ventures.HTX Ventures is the global investment department of Huobi HTX, integrating investment, incubation and research to identify the world’s best and most promising teams.As the pioneer of the ten -year industry of the blockchain, HTX Ventures promotes the development of cutting -edge technology and emerging business models in the industry, providing comprehensive support for cooperative projects, including financing, resources and strategic consulting to establish a long -term blockchain ecosystem.At present, HTX Ventures has supported more than 200 projects across multiple blockchain tracks, and some of them have launched Huobi transactions.At the same time, HTX Ventures is one of the most active funds (FOF) investors in the most active fund (FOF), and jointly builds the blockchain ecosystem of the top global blockchain funds such as IVC, Shima, Animoca.
Reference
1. 1.Long push: Jianshu’s analysis of DA https://twitter.com/jianshubiji
2.Long push: The new narrative of Rancan’s rising era in Houcun -DA WAR HTTPS://twitter.com/0xning0x/status/1744350282509631590?s=202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020ct20 is
3..Ethereum Rollups (Starknet) ends, new narrative DA: https://news.marsbit.co/20240220083034666673.html
4. 4..First Class Cangyan Research News: Modular blockchain Celestiahttps://medium.com/@first.vip/%E5%A4%B4%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%9JP%E5%9d%97%E5%8C%96%E5%8C%BA%E5%97%E93%Becelestia-A2532DA9D2BE
5.EIGENLAYER In -depth Research Report: Ethereum’s middleware protocol, lead the re -pledge narrativehttps://www.aicoin.com/article/360322.html
6.Long push: DA solutionhttps://twitter.com/i/web/status/1700728653750087945
7.What is the EigenLayer flagship product EIGENDA?https://www.blocktempo.com/what-s-eignda-that-eigenlayer-will- launch//
8..The five factors of the modular DA design are: Celestia, Avail, and EIGENDA who are the winners?https://foreSightnews.pro/article/detail/52019
Exempt statement
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